Its Phases and Overview 1

 This document describes the (SDLC) for small to medium database application development efforts. o This chapter presents an overview of the SDLC, alternate lifecycle models, and associated references. o The following project describes the internal processes that are common across all stages of the SDLC, and the third chapter describes the inputs, outputs, and processes of each stage. 2

 There are six stages in SDLC: Analysis Planning Design Coding Testing Implementation & maintenance  SDLC uses four main approaches viz. 3

 Waterfall Approach  Spiral Approach  Incremental Approach  Win Win Spiral Approach 4

Meaning And Methodologies 5

 What are the various approaches to developing Information Systems?  Is there one best way?  What is the difference between techniques, methodologies and tools?  What does the popular term “SDLC” actually mean? 6

 SDLC stands for  Systems  Development  Life  Cycle  What does it mean?  Why do we need it? 7

 SDLC stands for  Systems Development Life Cycle  First, SDLC is a Life Cycle.  All systems have a life cycle or a series of stages they naturally undergo.  The number and name of the stages varies, but the primary stages are conception, development, maturity and decline.  The systems development life cycle (SDLC) therefore, refers to the development stage of the system’s life cycle 8

 Process-Oriented Approach  Focus is on flow, use and transformation of data in an information system  Involves creating graphical representations such as data flow diagrams and charts  Data are tracked from sources, through intermediate steps and to final destinations  Natural structure of data is not specified  Disadvantage: data files are tied to specific applications 9

 Process Approach  Process Approach: “Let’s look at all of our processes. Processes take precedence over data. Get the processes correct first. Then we’ll address what data is important.” o Data Approach :  “ Forget the processes, let’s look at the data. Data comes first. Get the data correct, then see how the processes actually use the data 10

Its Phases and Overview 11

 Following are the milestones in SDLC –  Requirement Gathering  In this, customer needs are analysed in order to get a clear picture of the user requirements. If it is an existing system, requirements include improvement on the backlogs of the existing system.  This is done by interviewing users and consultants of the the company (client). 12

 Functional Specification It mentions, what functions is the product supposed to have i.e how the interface should be, what should the product do, how will the user use the product. 13

 In this stage, logical view of the solution to customer requirements is arrived at. It helps in deciding operating systems, hardware, database design, architecture, security issues etc. 14

 In this phase, HLD is broken down into smaller modules/programs. LLD is used by developers. 15

Type of approaches and definition 16

 There are a number of software development approaches that have been used since the origin of information  Technology. These software development approaches are: 1.Waterfall Approach : linear framework type.  2.Prototyping Approach : iterative framework type  3.Rapid Application Development (RAD) Approach: Iterative Framework Type  4.Spiral Approach : combination of linear and iterative framework type 17

 The Waterfall model is a sequential development approach, in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall) through the phases of requirements analysis, design, implementation, testing (validation), integration, and maintenance.Waterfall model  Basic principles of the waterfall approach are:  Project is divided into sequential phases, with some overlap and splashback acceptable between phases.  Emphasis is on planning, time schedules, target dates, budgets and implementation of an entire system 18

 Software prototyping, is the development approach of activities during software development the creation of prototypes, i.e., incomplete versions of the software program being developed. Software prototypingsoftware development  Basic principles of the Prototyping Approach are:  Attempts to reduce inherent project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease- of-change during the development process.  A basic understanding of the fundamental business problem is necessary to avoid solving the wrong problem. 19

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 The spiral model.  The spiral model approach is a software development process combining elements of both design and prototyping-in-stages, in an effort to combine advantages of top-down aweigh consideration of project continuation throughout the life cycle.spiral modelsoftware development processdesignprototypingtop-down a  Focus is on risk assessment and on minimizing project risk by breaking a project into smaller segments and providing more ease-of-change during the development process, as well as providing the opportunity to evaluate risks 21

 Rapid Application Development (RAD) is a software development methodology approach, which involves iterative development and the construction of prototypes. Rapid application development is a term originally used to describe a software development process introduced by James Martin in Standard systems analysis and design techniques can be fitted into this framework. Rapid Application Developmentprototypes software development processJames Martin  Basic principles:  Key objective is for fast development and delivery of a high quality system at a relatively low investment cost.  Standard systems analysis and design techniques can be fitted into this framework. 22

Types Of Phases 23

 Analysis is first phase in SDLC wherein the possible outcome of the software are discussed in detail.  Analysis is similar to a patient visiting a doctor.Doctors always analyse their patient:observing,testing,questioning. 24

 Identify problem  Feasibility study for new system  Investigate current system  Organisational & system goals  Problems / limitations identified  Possible solutions  Evaluate all data collected  Decision to continue 25

 Coding During this phase, source code, executables are produced to develop the final product. 26

 Hardware / Software to be used  Suppliers selection  Program specifications  Screen design  User interface  Inputs  Outputs  Setting up Tests to be performed  General Specifications for user documentation 27

 Program Development Life Cycle (PDLC) ( to be used with customised software )  Testing 28

Stages of the PDLC:  Analyse  Design  Code  Debug  Test  Document  Implement  Evaluate 29

Within he development phase there are various program development methodologies:  RAD: Rapid Application Development  Prototyping  Waterfall model (traditional staged development)  Agile model (Short bursts developing functional units of the project) 30

 Hardware purchase & set up  System conversion  Testing  Handover of system and documentation 31

 Determine suitable time  Original aims & objectives  Design specifications  Other factors eg: efficiency, effectiveness etc.. 32

Overview of Analysis 33

 Analysis is the first phase in SDLC where the Software is Discussed Much before it is implemented. 34

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 Is there really a problem?  If there is a problem, is it worth fixing?  Like: Technical feasibility Economic feasibility Legal feasibility Operational feasibility Schedule feasibility 36

 A problem analysis will describe:  required input (what data has to be acquired to produce the output?)  required output (i.e. what information is the system supposed to produce?)  Data and information should be described in detail. 37

Basic Requirement In SDLC 38

 Scope  Technical Activities  Management Activities  Installation Guidance 39

 -New Development  - Rewrites of Existing Systems  - Maintenance  - Package Selection  - System Conversions 40

 -System Definition (Analysis, Design, Coding)  -Testing  - System Installation (e.g., Data Conversion, Training)  - Production Support (e.g., Problem Management)  - Evaluating Alternatives  - Defining Releases  - Reconciling Information Across Multiple Phases  - Reconciling To A Global View  - Defining The Project's Technical Strategy. 41

 - Setting Priorities  - Defining Objectives  - Planning And Estimating  - Tracking/Status Reporting  - Change Control  - Step Wise Commitment  - Cost/Benefit Analysis  - Risk Assessments  - Interacting With Users  - Managing Vendors  - Post Implementation Reviews  - Quality Assurance Reviews 42

 Large and complex system containing many tasks, tools and techniques.  That process requires training, guidance and a phased installation. 43

How to Design a software 44

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 To transform the data model (developed in the analysis phase) into logical and physical information structure 46

 The GUI standards and guidelines are based on the requirements for the user interface identified in the analysis phase. Standards are needed to ensure:  consistency of the GUI of different parts of the application or system  usability of the application (e.g. reducing error in using the application)  maintainability 47

 The technical architecture used by the application is described by presenting the various hardware, software and networking components, and their interfaces. 48

 The design of functionality in Web applications include e.g.  navigation (functionality of control buttons)  control of windows (moving between frames, opening and closing of pop-up windows)  data input (HTML forms, cgi data transfers)  data processing output (dynamically created HTML pages) 49

 The structure imposed by this SDLC is specifically designed to maximize the probability of a successful software development effort. 50