Chapter 21 Growth and Development

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 2 PRENATAL PERIOD  Conception to birth  Embryology

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 3 PRENATAL PERIOD  Fertilization to implantation requires about 10 days  Fertilization normally occurs in outer third of oviduct

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 4

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 5 PRENATAL PERIOD  Fertilization to implantation  Zygote  Morula  Blastocyst  Implantation

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 6

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. PRENATAL PERIOD  Implantation  Yolk sac  Amniotic cavity  Chorion  Placenta Slide 7

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 8 PRENATAL PERIOD  Periods of development  Gestation period – about 39 weeks  Embryonic phase  Fetal phase  All organ systems are formed and functioning by month 4 of gestation

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. In the Womb Slide 9

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Get Your Own Room, Buddy! Slide 10

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 11

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 12 PRENATAL PERIOD  Three primary germ layers:  Endoderm—inside layer

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 13 PRENATAL PERIOD  Three primary germ layers:  Mesoderm – middle layer

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 14 PRENATAL PERIOD  Three primary germ layers:  Ectoderm—outside layer

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. GERM LAYERS Slide 15

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 16 PRENATAL PERIOD  Histogenesis and organogenesis  New tissues  New organs  Cell differentiation, multiplication, growth, and rearrangement  From 4 months of gestation until delivery, the development of the baby is mainly a matter of growth

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 17 PRENATAL PERIOD  Birth defects  Any structural or functional abnormality present at birth  May be caused by genetic factors Abnormal genes Abnormal genes Abnormal number of chromosomes Abnormal number of chromosomes

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 18 PRENATAL PERIOD  Birth defects  May be caused by environmental factors Teratogens Teratogens Include radiation, chemicals, and infections Include radiation, chemicals, and infections First trimester First trimester

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 19

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 20 BIRTH, OR PARTURITION  Process of birth called parturition  At the end of week 39 of gestation, the uterus becomes “irritable”  Fetus takes head-down position against the cervix  Muscular contractions begin, and labor is initiated  Amniotic sac (“bag of waters”) ruptures  Cervix dilates  Fetus moves through vagina to exterior

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 21 FULL TERM

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 22 BIRTH, OR PARTURITION  Stages of labor  Stage one—period from onset of uterine contractions until dilation of the cervix is complete

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 23 BIRTH, OR PARTURITION  Stages of labor  Stage two—period from the time of maximal cervical dilation until the baby exits through the vagina

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 24 BIRTH, OR PARTURITION  Stages of labor  Stage three—process of expulsion of the placenta through the vagina

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 25 POSTNATAL PERIOD  Divisions of postnatal period  Infancy  Childhood  Adolescence and adulthood  Older adulthood

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 26  Obvious changes in the physical appearance of the body—in whole and in proportion—occur between birth and maturity POSTNATAL PERIOD

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 27 POSTNATAL PERIOD  Infancy  Neonatal period Neonatology Neonatology  Cardiovascular changes  Respiratory changes

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 28 POSTNATAL PERIOD  Infancy  Developmental changes between the neonatal period and 18 months include: Doubling of birth weight by 4 months and tripling by 1 year Doubling of birth weight by 4 months and tripling by 1 year 50% increase in body length by 12 months 50% increase in body length by 12 months Development of normal spinal curvature by 15 months Development of normal spinal curvature by 15 months Ability to: Ability to:  raise head by 3 months  crawl by 10 months  stand alone by 12 months  run by 18 months

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 29 POSTNATAL PERIOD  Childhood  Extends from end of infancy to puberty—13 years in girls and 15 in boys  Overall rate of growth remains rapid but decelerates  Continuing development of motor and coordination skills  Loss of deciduous (baby) teeth and eruption of permanent teeth

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 30 POSTNATAL PERIOD  Adolescence  Period of rapid growth resulting in sexual maturity Average age range usually from 13 to 19 years Average age range usually from 13 to 19 years Appearance of secondary sex characteristics Appearance of secondary sex characteristics Growth spurt typical Growth spurt typical  girls ≈10  boys ≈ 12

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 31

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 32 POSTNATAL PERIOD  Adulthood  Growth plates other structures such as the sinuses assume adult placement other structures such as the sinuses assume adult placement  Maintenance of existing body tissues  Degeneration of body tissue begins

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 33 POSTNATAL PERIOD  Older adulthood  Degenerative changes aka senescence aka senescence  Every organ system  Senescence culminates in death

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 34

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 35 EFFECTS OF AGING  Skeletal system  changes in the texture, calcification, and shape of bones  Bone spurs  Bones become porous and fracture easily  Degenerative joint diseases osteoarthritis osteoarthritis

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. EFFECTS OF AGING  Integumentary system (skin)  With age, skin “sags” and becomes thin, dry, wrinkled  Pigmentation problems are common  Frequently thinning or loss of hair occurs Slide 36

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 37 EFFECTS OF AGING  Urinary system  Nephron units decrease  Blood flow to kidney  Bladder problems

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 38 EFFECTS OF AGING  Respiratory system  Barrel chest  Decreased respiratory efficiency  Respiratory membrane thickens

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 39 EFFECTS OF AGING  Cardiovascular system  Degenerative heart and blood vessel disease  Atherosclerosis  Arteriosclerosis  Hypertension

Mosby items and derived items © 2008 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. Slide 40 EFFECTS OF AGING  Special senses  Gradual  Farsightedness  Cataract  Glaucoma  Loss of hair cells in inner ear  Decreased transmission of sound waves  Hearing impairment  Loss of taste buds