Civil War and Reconstruction

Big Ideas

1. Causes 1. Economic and social differences between North and South 2.States’ rights vs. federal rights 3.Slave state vs. free state decision 4.Growth of abolitionist movement 5.The election of Abraham Lincoln

2. Election of Lincoln Final straw for the South Caused South Carolina to secede

3. Divided House A house divided against itself cannot stand. I believe this government cannot endure, permanently, half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved — I do not expect the house to fall — but I do expect it will cease to be divided. – Lincoln

4. Economic differences South: Cotton is King = agricultural economy North: Industrial economy

5. Advantages/Disadvantages

CIVIL WAR ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES NORTH ADVANTAGES Larger population More industry More resources Better banking system More railroad mileage Abraham Lincoln More ships DISADVANTAGES Faced hostile people Southern territory unfamiliar

CIVIL WAR ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES SOUTH ADVANTAGES Strong popular support Familiar territory Superior military leadership DISADVANTAGES Smaller population Few factories Less food production Fewer railroad miles Fewer ships Jefferson Davis Belief in states’ rights

6. First Modern War It was the first war where widespread use of mechanized and electrified devices like railroad trains, aerial observation, telegraph, photography, torpedoes, mines, ironclad ships and rifles occurred.

7. Anaconda Plan 1.Blockade the South 2.Split the Confederacy by gaining control of the Mississippi River 3.Capture Richmond, the Confederate capital

8. Emancipation Proclamation Significance: With the Proclamation, there could no longer be a compromise. One side had to win

9. American Life War led to dislocation of society on an unprecedented scale – Much of the south was destroyed – More than 90% of eligible men participated – Widespread carnage – Women took over farms and factories

10. Impact of Assassination Andrew Johnson became president (void in leadership) Unable to control Radical Republicans

11. Radical Republican Plan The Radical Republicans passed four Reconstruction Acts in 1868: (1) ratify the Fourteenth Amendment (2) write new state constitutions that guarantee freedmen the right to vote; (3) form new governments to be elected by all male citizens including African Americans. (4) military: the South was treated as conquered territory

12. Freedman’s Bureau The first kind of primitive welfare agency used to provide food, clothing, medical care, and education to freedman and to white refugees.First to establish school for blacks to learn to read.

13. Impeachment Andrew Johnson was impeached because he fired a disloyal member of his cabinet (He was not actually removed)

14. Military Rule Radical Republicans in control Punish the south

Key terms

Martial Law military government involving the suspension of ordinary law.

Habeas Corpus the writ protects an individual against an unlawful arrest. May be suspended in times of rebellion or unrest

Attrition Type of warfare in which the military attempts to wear down its enemies until the enemy is defeated

Crittenden’s Compromise an unsuccessful proposal introduced by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden. It aimed to resolve the U.S. secession crisis by addressing the grievances that led the south to secede.KentuckySenatorJohn J. CrittendenU.S. secession crisis

Jefferson Davis President of the Confederate States of America

Confederacy Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, North Ca rolina, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, Tennesse, Louisiana, and Mississippi

Fort Sumter Began the civil war

Robert E Lee Leader of the Confederate forces

Abraham Lincoln 16 th president of the US: President during the civil war

Blockade Runners seafaring steam ships that were used to make their way through the Union blockade that extended some 3,500 miles along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coastlines and the lower Mississippi River

Siege a military operation in which enemy forces surround a town or building, cutting off essential supplies, with the aim of compelling the surrender of those inside.

Mandate the authority to do something

“Stonewall” Jackson Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson was a Confederate general At Chancellorsville ______ again flanked the Union army but was mortally wounded by his own troops.

U.S. Grant Union general who got the nickname Unconditional Surrender Grant

Emancipation Proclamation declared "that all persons held as slaves" within the rebellious states "are, and henceforward shall be free.“ Key: only set slaves free in rebelling states

William Tecumseh Sherman He undertook the Atlanta Campaign. He burned Atlanta and continued on his famous march to the sea

13 th Amendment Abolished slavery

14 th Amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws, and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

15 th Amendment prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Amnesty an official pardon for people who have been convicted of political offenses

Pocket Veto President indirectly denies the passage of a bill by waiting until it is too late to be signed

Black Codes Black Codes were laws passed by Southern states. These laws had the intent and the effect of restricting African Americans' freedom.

Carpetbaggers a person from the northern states who went to the South after the Civil War to profit from the Reconstruction.

Scalawags a white Southerner who collaborated with northern Republicans during Reconstruction, often for personal profit

Sharecroppers A system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land

Reconstruction The period after the Civil War in which the states formerly part of the Confederacy were brought back into the United States.

Radical Republicans Congressional group that wished to punish the South for its secession from the Union; pushed for measures that gave economic and political rights to newly freed blacks in the South and that made it difficult for former Confederate states to rejoin the Union.

Freedman’s Bureau Temporary agency that aimed to help the freed slaves

Compromise of 1877 Unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem.) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South.