Prepared By, Akhil ramesh S6 AUE Roll No 3 1AUE

What is Bio diesel? Biodiesel is methyl or ethyl of ester fatty acid made from virgin or used vegetable oils and animal fats. Neat (100%) biodiesel contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with diesel to create biodiesel blends. Just like diesel, biodiesel operates in compression ignition engine, which essentially requires very little or no engine modifications as biodiesel has properties similar to diesel fuels. 2AUE

HISTORY OF BIODIESEL Rudolf diesel is the German inventor of the diesel engine, which first ran on peanut oil. His prime model, a single 10-ft iron cylinder with flywheel at its base, ran on its own power for the first time in Germany, on August 10, In his remembrance it has been declared as ‘world biodiesel day’. 3AUE

PRODUCTION Base Catalyzed Transestrification RAW MATERIALS Vegetable oil must be moisture free, FFA Content should be <1%. Alcohol Methanol or ethanol as near to absolute as possible can be used Catalyst NaOH or KOH can be used Best result when 85% KOH Carbonate should be low 4AUE

Contd.. CH2OOR1 catalyst CH2OH |  | CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH  3CH3OORx + CHOH | CH2OOR3 CH2OH Triglyceride 3 Methanols Biodiesel Glycerin R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups (could be different, or the same), and depend on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved determine the final properties of the biodiesel (cetane number, cold flow properties, etc.) 5AUE

Reaction Vegetable Oil Biodiesel FA 6AUE

Other Sources Jatropha 7AUE

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Advantages It is a renewable source of energy Less emission compared to diesel low CO2 NOx, unburned HC,sulphur dioxide and less soot deposition Absence of sulphur increases the life of catalytic convertors Can be used without any engine modification The lubrication effect is higher than of diesel hence increasing the engine life 9AUE

Disadvantages It is expensive about 1.5 times than petroleum diesel but can be reduced by using used vegetable oils It can damage rubber hoses for some vehicles according to material Biodiesel cleans the dirt inside the engine but this can deposite at fuel filters and result in clogging. This occurs mainly when biodiesel is used after a period of operation with petroleum diesel It is not effective in availability as diesel is. 10AUE

PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL Density/Specific Gravity: Biodiesel have 0.88 and diesel has 0.84 Cetane number : have higher than conventional diesel fuel thus increasing combustion efficiency and smoother combustion Viscosity : it controls the fuel injector size (droplet size, spray characteristics, etc) therefore viscosity should be moderate and should be same as that of diesel 11AUE

Contd… Distillation characteristics: they are different from diesel, BP ranges from 33o o C C Flash point:The flash point is around C which above the conventional diesel Cold Filter Plugging Point (CFPP): The CFPP of biodiesel reflects the cold weather performance of the engine Cloud point:, it is important for low temperature operations. Biodiesel generally has a higher cloud point. Oxidation stability: Poor oxidation stability can cause fuel thickening, it depends upon the feedstock used. Iodine number: it is the amount of iodine required to convert unsaturated oil into saturated oil. It increases the danger of polymerisation in the engine oil. Lubricity: it depends on the crude source, additives used Acid number: the acid number reflects the presence of free fatty acids or acids used in the manufacture of biodiesel. It also reflects the degradation of biodiesel due to thermal effects. 12AUE

Indian Specification Of Bio diesel 13AUE

Bio Diesel VS Other Fuels DIESELCNGLNGMETHANOL ETHANOL BIODIESEL _______________________________________________________________________ Vehicle cost Infrastructure Safety Operating range Operating cost Reliability Customer acceptance Funding assistance Training cost Fuel availability Fuel quality Fuel price stability TOTAL __ 14AUE

Vehicles On Bio diesel 15AUE

Reference Alternative Fuels by S S Thipse Fuels and Combustion by V Ganesan AUE

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