© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 28 Gasoline, Diesel, and Other Fuels

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Crude Oil A fossil fuel Varies in appearance Composition varies, but is typically: – 84% carbon – 14% hydrogen – 1 – 3% sulfurs – Less than 1% nitrogen, oxygen, metals, and salts

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lubricating oil Grease Asphalt Kerosene Diesel fuel Gasoline Natural gas Petroleum Products

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hydrocarbons The number of carbon atoms in HC molecule chain defines its length When combined with the number of hydrogen atoms is called a chain The shortest hydrocarbon is methane, CH 4, which is a very light gas

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42 Gallon Barrel of Crude Oil Produces

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Refining Separates the hydrocarbons into useful substances Very few of the fractions are usable without treating and cleaning Some fractions are altered to be used for a specific application

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chemical Processing Some fractions are processed to break down long chains into shorter chains This process is called cracking Hydrocarbon structure can be rearranged: – Often used to make octane boosters

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Concerns Fossil fuels used for many purposes due to high energy density Even though abundant, usage still increasing Burning HCs releases CO 2 Increased CO 2 in the atmosphere has been linked to global warming

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. A mixture of about 300 ingredients Chemically represented as C8H15 Oil refiners must meet standards set by the American Society for Testing and Standards, the EPA, and some state requirements Major factors affecting fuel performance: – Antiknock quality, volatility, sulfur content, and deposit control Gasoline

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Antiknock Quality Represented by the octane number Two methods used to determine octane number: – Motor octane number (MON) – Research octane number (RON) A test sample of fuel is used in a laboratory engine

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Antiknock Index Average of RON and MON (R+M/2) Displayed on fuel pump Most engines operate on regular gasoline Higher octane fuel burns slower than low- octane fuel

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Factors That Affect Engine Knock Fuel mixture Over advanced ignition timing Compression ratio Valve timing Turbocharging or supercharging Coolant temperature Excessive carbon deposits Air inlet temperature Combustion chamber shape Octane number

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Volatility Readily evaporates so gas vapor adequately mixes with air for combustion Gasoline volatility affects: – Cold starting and warm-up – High altitude operation – Crankcase oil dilution

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Volatility (Cont.) Gasoline is blended for summer use and winter use Fuels in high altitude areas must have higher volatility Volatility most commonly measured by the Reid vapor pressure test

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Water forms when hydrogen in the HCs are burned Water leaves engine as steam but condenses back into water When sulfur in the fuel burns it combines with O 2 to form sulfur dioxide SO 2 can combine with water to form sulfuric acid Sulfur Content

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anti-icing or deicer Metal deactivators and rust inhibitors Gum or oxidation inhibitors Detergents Basic Gasoline Additives

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Oxygenates Ethanol Methanol MTBE Aromatic hydrocarbons Basic Gasoline Additives (Cont.)

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Reid Vapor Pressure – Measures the volatility of the fuel – Affects how an engine runs in cold weather Alcohol Test – Excessive alcohol can cause corrosion and damage to rubber components – May cause driveability complaints Gasoline Quality Testing

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knowledge Check What are three additives used in gasoline?

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Renewable fuels are derived from non-fossil sources Biomass fuels can be used in internal combustion engines and tend to be carbon- neutral Ethanol and methanol fuels, such as E85 Already used as oxygenates in gasoline Alternative Fuels

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ethanol High quality, low cost, high octane fuel Burns cleaner than gasoline Produced from corn, sugar cane, grains, and other biomass waste Commonly used in E10 and E85 blends Most vehicles can use E10

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ethanol (Cont.) Produced in the U.S. and can reduce reliance on foreign oil Few vehicle modifications needed Cleaner emissions than gasoline Helps keep fuel system clean Can absorb moisture, which can separate in fuel tank Weak infrastructure Has a negative energy balance E85 contains about 25% less energy by volume than gasoline

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Methanol A clean burning alcohol fuel Often made from natural gas but can be made from coal and biomass Used in blends of M15 and M85 Blending with gasoline improves cold weather starting ability

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Propane (LP-gas) Liquefied petroleum gas is used by many fleets Stored as a liquid Produces less HC, CO 2, and CO Slight engine power reduction from reduced cylinder filling

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Abundant and less expensive than gasoline Clean burning with 25% less CO 2 emitted Stored at 2400, 3000, or 3600 psi Requires large storage tanks LNG requires less space but must be stored and dispensed at very low temperatures

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. CNG Storage

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. P-Series Fuel Blend of natural gas liquids, ethanol, and biomass-derived co-solvents Each gallon of P-series fuel emits about 50% less CO 2, 35% less HC, 15% less CO Could be 96% domestically derived More than 60% of content is renewable

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hydrogen Can be extracted from many sources Currently has a negative energy balance Liquefied hydrogen stored at -423°F (-253°C) Hydrogen fuel engines typically produce less power Very little infrastructure

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles FCEVs have electric motors A fuel cell generates electricity for the motor and/or battery May use hydrogen or other fuel as the energy source Pure water and heat are the only emissions

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Toyota FCV Concept

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Flex Fuel Vehicles Designed to run on something other than gasoline Bi- or multiple-fuel vehicles can use more than one fuel May have two separate fuel tanks Operate on one fuel or the other

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. E85

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Flexible Fuel Vehicles (FFV) Can use ethanol and/or gasoline or a mixture of the two Stored in the same fuel tank PCM determines fuel used by the HO 2 S and fuel trim readings

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knowledge Check Technician A says all gasoline-powered vehicles can use E85 fuel. Technician B says only flex-fuel vehicles can use E85. Who is correct?

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diesel Fuel Has about 15% more energy than gasoline Small, high speed diesel engines require high quality, high volatility fuel Diesel volatility measured by a cetane rating Two grades of diesel fuel, Number 1 and 2 Number 2 is most popular and available

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Diesel Fuel (Cont.) Is a high sulfur content fuel Diesel engines emit particulates, called soot High combustion temperatures produce high NOx emissions Diesel fuel prone to waxing or solidifying in cold weather

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel Previous standard allowed up to 500 PPM 2007 standard is 15 PPM Allows diesels to emit less NOx, soot, and other sulfur compounds

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bio Diesel Fuels derived from renewable biological sources: – Animal fats – Recycled restaurant greases – Vegetable oils Can be used directly or blended

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bio Diesel (Cont.) Advantages include: – Reduce foreign oil dependence – Carbon neutral – Decreased HC emissions by 50% – Nearly eliminates sulfur emissions – CO emissions decreased an average of 48% – PM emissions reduced by 47% – Smoother, quieter, longer diesel engine life

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bio Diesel (Cont.) Disadvantages include: – High production costs – Not readily available – Increases NOx emissions – Cannot be used in vehicles built before 1992 without modifications to the fuel system

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diesel Engines The fuel is ignited by the heat of compression Higher compression results in more efficiency than a gasoline engine Modern diesels quieter and more efficient than previous diesel engines

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Modern Diesel Engine

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diesel Combustion Combustion can take place in three steps

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Engine Control Systems All 2007 and newer light-duty (14,000 lb GVW) diesels are equipped with OBD II Some unique monitors for diesels include – EGR cooler monitor – Oxidation catalyst efficiency monitor

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diesel Fuel Injection Direct injection into combustion chamber Many modern diesels use common rail injection

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Injector Nozzles Delivers the fuel to the cylinder Nozzle tip atomizes the fuel Fuel pressure and the time the injector is open determines the amount of fuel delivered

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electronic Unit Injection Uses a camshaft-driven high-pressure fuel pump PCM controls injector opening time Did not have as precise control as needed to meet modern emission standards

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injection Uses engine oil pressure to control injector operation Used until 2010 Proper maintenance is critical on HEUI systems

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Common Rail Injection A fuel rail carries high- pressure fuel to each injector Each injector independently controlled by the PCM Used in all 2010 and newer engines

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Glow Plugs Used to warm the air and combustion chamber area for cold starts

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Solenoid Injectors Used in common rail systems The solenoid opens to allow fuel to flow to the injector nozzle Controlled by the PCM

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Piezoelectric Injectors Have no moving parts Contain thin layers of piezo material When current flow through material, it expands, allowing fuel to flow through the injector

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Fuel Delivery A low-pressure transfer pump in the tank supplies fuel to the high-pressure pump May contain a water separator Injection pump may be timed to the engine

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Turbochargers Used on nearly all diesel engines Many newer engines use variable geometry turbochargers

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Knowledge Check Technician A says glow plugs are used to ignite the fuel in a diesel engine. Technician B says glow plugs warm the engine to allow easier starting in cold weather. Who is correct?

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diesel Emission Controls Diesels emit carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, particulate matter (soot), and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC) In use since 2007 Flow through catalysts similar to those used on gasoline engines Converts fuel-rich gases into heat Reduces CO, HC, and other compounds

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diesel Exhaust Particulate Filter The DPF works with the DOC and EGR to reduce NOx Over time, trapped particulate plugs the filter The PCM will perform a cleaning or regeneration of the filter Requires the use of low-ash oil to prevent ash loading of the filter

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) Injects an amount of exhaust gas into combustion chambers Reduces combustion temperatures and NOx emissions An EGR cooler removes heat from the gas before it enters the engine

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Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Fits between the DOC and DPF Reduces NOx emissions Uses a reductant or reducing agent Requires refilling as part of normal maintenance

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Positive Crankcase Ventilation (PCV) Also called crankcase ventilation (CCV) Removes crankcase gases

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. TDI Engines Turbocharged Direct Injection Made by Audi and VW Use common rail and piezoelectric injectors Variable geometry turbo

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diagnostics Most of the diagnostics is scan tool based Smoke diagnosis – White smoke may be caused by a misfire, faulty glow plugs, low compression, poor injector operation, and coolant leaking into the cylinder – Grey or blue smoke is caused by oil burning in the cylinder – Black smoke indicates excessive fueling

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied, duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Diagnostics (Cont.) Remove the glow plugs to perform a compression test Cylinder power balance testing performed with a scan tool Glow plug resistances should be equal