Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory, Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division Photo image area measures 2” H x 6.93”

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Office of Research and Development National Exposure Research Laboratory, Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division Photo image area measures 2” H x 6.93” W and can be masked by a collage strip of one, two or three images. The photo image area is located 3.19” from left and 3.81” from top of page. Each image used in collage should be reduced or cropped to a maximum of 2” high, stroked with a 1.5 pt white frame and positioned edge-to-edge with accompanying images. October 20, 2009 Garnet Erdakos, Prakash Bhave, Heather Simon, George Pouliot Using CMAQ to Evaluate Air Quality Impacts of Nano-Cerium Diesel Fuel Additives

1 Why Nano-Cerium?

2 Research Questions What are the potential exposure levels to CeO 2 nanoparticles (NP) due to use of nano-cerium (nCe) diesel fuel additives? What effects do nCe fuel additives have on diesel emissions (e.g., PM, VOC, HAPs, etc.)? What effects do nCe fuel additives have on atmospheric chemistry?

3 Research Strategy Estimate changes in diesel emissions due to nano-cerium (nCe)-based fuel additives Estimate resulting impact on regional-scale air quality using CMAQ by comparing: 1.Base case simulation with standard emissions 2.nCe case simulation with modified diesel emissions using best estimates from available literature on nCe

4 Literature Review on nCe Effects on Diesel Emissions 33 reports and articles found through DIALOG and Internet searches 10 studies analyzed for this work (all HD engines) 3 nCe additive products; 10 nCe dosing levels; 6 engine types; 5 different testing procedures; different base fuels 14 data sets: PM (n = 50), CO (n = 34), VOC (n = 35), NO x (n = 35) n = # of data points

5 Summary of Literature Data from Diesel Emissions Studies = average concentration

6 Summary of Literature Data from Diesel Emissions Studies = average concentration

7 Summary of Literature Data from Diesel Emissions Studies = average concentration

8 Summary of Literature Data from Diesel Emissions Studies = average concentration

9 Selection of Data for CMAQ Simulations avg = -20%avg = -2.5% avg = +22% avg = +16%

10 Example Illustration of Emissions Changes National Emissions in 1999 (thousand short tons) DieselModified Diesel PollutantTotalOn-RoadNon-Road% of TotalOn- + Off-Road% of Total CO97,4412,2301, , NO x 25,3933,6352, , PM 10 20, VOC18, PM 2.5 6,

11 CMAQ Simulation Details CMAQ v4.7 Monday, August 7 – Sunday, August 13, 2006, including three days of spin-up 12 km EUS domain, 240 x 279 grid cells, 24 layers 2006 MM5 meteorology SMOKE emissions – 2006 CDC PHASE runs nCe Case: modifications to emissions for on-road and non-road diesel sources

12 Emissions Comparison

13 Emissions Comparison

14 Emissions Comparison

15 CMAQ Simulation Results

16 CMAQ Simulation Results

17 Summary Diesel emissions, and thus changes due to nCe fuel additives, are highly variable depending on engine type, base fuel characteristics, and testing procedure Systematic emissions tests using a single base fuel and test procedure with a population of engine types are necessary to better estimate nCe effects nCe diesel fuel additives tend to decrease mass emissions of PM at all Ce concentrations; for Ce ≤ 25 ppm, VOC and CO emissions tend to increase, while NO x emissions are reduced slightly Preliminary results show reductions in average O 3 and PM concentrations due to nCe diesel fuel additives

18 Future Work Perform additional CMAQ simulations to explore impacts of variability in nCe additive affects on diesel emissions, as well as seasonal variations Modify emissions of individual PM and VOC species (e.g., EC, benzene, HAPs) Consider locomotive, marine, and stationary diesel sources Model near-road fate and transport of CeO2 nanoparticles

19 Acknowledgements Prakash Bhave George Pouliot Heather Simon Shawn Roselle Rob Pinder David Wong Wyat Appel Rohit Mathur Ken Schere Marion Hoyer Jim Caldwell Amanda Evans J. Michael Davis Jason Weinstein Tad Kleindienst Bill Linak Thomas Long John Kinsey Kevin Dreher Michele Conlon Maria Costantini Barry Park Steven Deutsch Jan Czerwinski David Green EPA/ORD/NERL/AMAD EPA/OAR/OTAQ EPA/ORD/NCEA EPA/ORD/NERL/HEASD EPA/ORD/NHEERL EPA/ORD/NERL HEI Rhodia Silcea NA GBP Consulting AFHB, HTL, Biel King’s College London EPA/ORD/OSP EPA/ORD/NRMRL/APPCD