B.RAMAMURTHY UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO Introduction to Hardware (& Software) 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE

Topics 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE Block diagram of general purpose computer vs. embedded system Electronic Control Unit (ECU) Evolution of embedded control units

3 General Purpose Computer System CPU - Central processing unit ALU - Arithmetic and logic unit ROM - Read only memory RAM - Random access memory Internal Memory Input Output CPU Control ALU External Memory 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE524-2

5/30/ Microprocessor CPU on a chip is a micrprocessor. Microprocessors are the enabling hardware for realtime systems. Examples: vending machines, mobiles phones, alarm systems, washing machines, motor car engine controllers, heart monitors, microwave ovens all operate using embedded microcontrollers running dedicated software. Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE524-2

Embedded System 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE CPU ControlALU Internal memory Ports This unit on a single chip is called a microcontroller

Bus Architecture (in general purpose systems) 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE CPU BUSBUS Memory Parallel IO controller Serial IO controller Interrupt controller DMA controller Why is this important? What is its relevance to automobile embedded system?

Embedded control unit 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE These are embedded systems controlling various major components of a modern automobile Called ECUs 100’s of ECU in a typical electronic controlled modern car Each ECU is an embedded system with its own dedicated function

Evolution of ECU 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE Long ago the automobiles controllers were all mechanical: levers and gears, relays, etc. : Generation 1 automobiles Some of the mechanical units were replaced by electronic devices. Eg. Electronic fuel injection system; : Generation 2. The few electronic control units were operating autonomously. In the next generation many ECUs were developed independently, and they also interacted with each other. Generation 3. Standards for ECUs were developed and platform-based system evolved resulting in Generation 4. Internal networks that enabled ECUs to interact. Next generation involves outside networks. Traffic information, vehicle to vehicle communication, realtime weather conditions, road conditions, emergency situations. Generation 5. Bottom-line is that there is tremendous opportunities for R&D and production capabilities in this area.

Activity#1 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE Identify some ECUs in a modern automobile and a possible qualitative requirement. ExampleJustification

Summary 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE We looked a very high level view of the hardware components in an embedded system. Also looked the relevance of embedded system modern automobile design. Most of the hardware such as system on a chip, VLSI will be covered other courses in this curriculum. In this course we will focus on software development for RTOS.

Software in C Language 5/30/2013 Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE Lets solve the problem below using C. Consider the number game shown in the next few slides.

The Number Game (1) /30/ Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE524-2

The Number Game (2) /30/ Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE524-2

The Number Game (4) /30/ Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE524-2

The Number Game (8) /30/ Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE524-2

The Number Game (16) /30/ Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE524-2

Analysis What is theory /concept behind this game? How did I arrive at the number you guessed? How can I automate this process? What is the data and what is the algorithm? How can we convey these to a computing machine? While a computer talks binary, we humans write programs in languages such as Java, C#, C++, Basic etc. Binary numbers (1’s and 0’s) is the number system used by the computer systems. We humans use decimal number system that has 10 distinct symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) Your task: Write a C program to computerize this game. 5/30/ Amrita-UB-MSES-CSE524-2

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