Hybrid Island Initiative for Integrating Renewable Energy in Pacific Islands Tadayuki OGAWA Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

1. Power supply in Pacific Island Countries Inflating expenditure for imported fossil fuel Low energy independence & High energy cost Decreasing power demand and sales Mostly depend on Diesel Engine Generator (DEG) Tuvalu Limited human and institutional capacity

Low electricity access

High electricity tariff

High share of fuel imports

2. JICA’s Cooperation in Energy Sector 5  JICA has been assisting Pacific Island Countries through various cooperation in energy sector, mainly on supply side.  Knowledge from Okinawa has been particularly utilized in recent projects.  The Project for Introduction of Clean Energy by Solar Home System (LED included) (2012)  Grant Aid Project for Introduction of Micro-Grid System with Renewable Energy (2015)  Dissemination Program of Typhoon-Resistant Wind Power Turbines ( ) Tonga  Master Plan Survey for the Effective and Efficient Use of Renewable Energy Resources ( ) Fiji  Master Plan Survey for Formulation of Self- Sufficient Energy Supply System ( ) Marshall  Study on the Dissemination and Feasibility of Grid- connected PV Generation System ( ) Solomon  Training for Fuel-Reduced Operation of Diesel Power Plants (-2014)  Training for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Micro Grid (2014-) All

Ex. 1) Training for Fuel-Reduced Operation of Diesel Power Plants/ Training for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Micro Grid 6 Training for Fuel-Reduced Operation of Diesel Power Plants  Objective : The methodology of economical load distribution among multiple diesel generators will be disseminated in electric power companies and the local government, which works on the improvement of the power generation efficiency.  Project Component : 1) To learn mechanism of a diesel generator 2) To learn theory and methodology of economic operation 3) To conduct the economic load distribution 4) To formulate an action plan for dissemination Training for Promotion of Renewable Energy in Micro Grid  Objective : Each participant formulates the idea to promote the hybrid power generation system (renewable energy connecting with diesel) in each country.  Project Component : 1) To learn history and current situation of PV introduction in Japan 2) To learn how to identify necessary conditions to promote PV introduction 3) To formulate a preliminary plan for disseminating PV systems in each country

Ex. 2) Grant Aid Project for Introduction of Micro-Grid System with Renewable Energy in TONGA 7  Objective : To enable stable electricity supply, integrating various energy resources with micro-grid system  Project Component : 1)Power generation by RE (solar PV: 1MW) 2)Micro-grid controller 3)Lithium-ion capacitor (10 kWh, 2 units) PV array Micro-grid controller Li-ion capacitor

Ex. 3) Master Plan Survey for Formulation of Self-Sufficient Energy Supply System in MARSHALL 8  Objective : To enhance the capacity to establish sustainable and self-sufficient energy supply system  Output : Self-sufficient energy supply system by conducting; 1) Institutional arrangement to introduce RE 2) Evaluation on allowable capacity of grid-connected RE 3) Planning and designing of DEG-PV hybrid grid system 4) Economical operation of DEG

“Hybrid Islands Initiative” ～ Smart Energy Integration for Resilient Islands “Hybrid Islands Initiative” ～ Smart Energy Integration for Resilient Islands Fuel Reduction  Unstable Output  Disaster Risks + Appropriate & Economical O&M Reliable power supply (as Base Load and Back-up) Fuel Reduction Expansion of RE Allowable Capacity Renewable Energy Hybrid Grid System for Fossil Fuel Reduction maintaining Reliable Power Supply Demand WindPV Efficient Diesel Optimization for Reliable, Sustainable and Affordable Grid Micro Grid Training Regional T/A on Diesel O&M Grant Project for Grid Stabilization (incl. DG, Micro Grid) Master Plan Study on RE Introduction JICA’s possible collaboration

> > > Hybrid System for Fossil Fuel Reduction and Energy Security  High dependency on imported fossil fuel ⇒ High tariff, and fluctuation risk of oil prices ⇒ low energy security  Excessive promotion of Renewable Energy ⇒ Unstable outputs associated with weather, disaster risks, and adverse impact on existing generators ⇒ unreliable power supply  Grant Projects in Island Regions: PV power plants, micro grid system including grid stabilizer,Efficient DEG power plants,  Capacity Development by Technical Cooperation: Master Plan of RE, DEG O&M enhancement, Training  Utilization of Knowledge from Remote Islands in Japan: PV w/ simple O&M, etc. JICA’ s RESOURCE Development of Renewable Energy (RE) Solid Effect on Fuel Reduction  Unstable Power Output ↓ “Optimal Development of RE” (ex. Development within allowable capacity of grid, Development associated with grid stabilizer) Efficient Diesel Generation (DEG) Cost-Effective Method Important Role as Base Load Power Source ↓ “Appropriate and Economical O&M on DEG” CHALLENGE STRATEGY & CONCEPT “Hybrid Islands Initiative” ～ Smart Energy Integration for Resilient Islands “Hybrid Islands Initiative” ～ Smart Energy Integration for Resilient Islands

Measures against long-term output variation RE penetration (indicative) 0% 20% 40% 60% Capacity of energy storage system Measures against voltage and current capacity of distribution lines Capital cost Fuel cost UP Down Low High Large Small Optimum penetration of RE shall be determined in consideration of total capital cost (up) & fuel cost (down) of Diesel Engine Generators (DEG). 4. Smart integration of RE with DEG Measures against short-term output variation Storage capacity

Smart integration of RE with DEG ① Capacity of T&D (especially distribution) system needs to be upgraded. Transmission LineSubstationDistribution Line Current capacity (indicative) (indicative) Distance G

13 Voltage deviation ② Service voltage shall be maintained through replacing conductors, transformers & changing network configuration. Smart integration of RE with DEG

Output/ load fluctuation Frequency fluctuation A few minutes10+ minutes GF: Governor Free (~a few minutes) Small deviation of revolution speed is automatically and immediately detected by the governor of generators. LFC: Load Frequency Control (a few minutes ~ 10+ minutes) Generator output is automatically controlled by detecting the imbalance and sending feedback signal to generators. EDC: Economic Dispatch Control (more than 10+ minutes) Generators are dispatched in accordance with the load forecast to achieve the minimum cost in longer period. ③ Measures against short-term output variation; (i) Increase the sensitivity of DEGs by improving GF (ii) Increase the capacity of LFC (iii) Examine coordination between GF and LFC (iv) Introduction of storage system (capacitor, battery, etc.) Smart integration of RE with DEG

④ Measures against long-term output variation; (i) Increase adjustability of DEG minimum output (ii) Introduction of energy storage system (battery, pump, electric water heater, etc.) Minimum demand during daytime (e.g. weekend) DEG RE Without REMaximum RE penetration DEG rated output DEG minimum output (40 ～ 50%) Possible RE capacity Smart integration of RE with DEG P min ≧ DEG min + RE max DEG min ≦ P min - RE max

STEP 1: Improving O&M of existing DEG  Reduction of fuel consumption by EDC  Establishment of sustainable O&M system STEP 2: Reinforcement of DEG and T&D system  Increase adjustability of DEG output (especially minimum)  Improve flexibility of DEG (GF, LFC, etc.)  Reinforce capacity of conductors and transformers STEP 3: Integrating RE without storage system  RE can be integrated by fully utilizing the adjustability and sensitivity of DEG STEP 4: Compensation for short-term variation  RE penetration can be increased by introducing energy storage (high-power density, e.g. Li-ion battery and capacitor) STEP 5: Compensation for long-term variation  RE penetration can be increased by introducing energy storage (high-energy density, e.g. lead acid battery) Year Generation Cost (indicative) STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 5 STEP 4 Roadmap for Smart integration

THANK YOU VERY MUCH FOR YOUR ATTENTION. [CONTACT] Tadayuki OGAWA