HUMAN TRAFFICKING or TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS (TIP) The United States’ Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 defines "severe forms of trafficking in persons" as: Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such act has not attained 18 years of age, OR The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage or slavery

incidence (incl costs) 1.First, people in forced labor situations receive wages that are lower, sometimes far lower, than the market rate. Long hours of overtime work may go unpaid or underpaid. Also, victims may be overcharged for their housing, food and other items. 2.The second major cost mainly involves human trafficking. It includes the money that workers pay to be taken to another country , the labor agency estimated that more than twelve million people were in some form of forced labor. About two and a half million cases were the result of trafficking. 4.Around fifty-six percent of people in forced labor are women and girls. Forty to fifty percent are under the age of eighteen.

Policy History - name, date, major issues addressed Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) of 2003 Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) of 2005 The William Wilberforce Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA) of 2008

How Successful Is TVPRA? (1) protect victims by providing benefits and services; (2) investigate and prosecute human trafficking crimes; (3) prevent further trafficking- related crimes.

GoalsCriteriaStatus QuoAlt. 1Alt. 2Alt. 3 EfficiencyProtection Prosecution Prevention Victim ID, Prosecution, Sent Suppliers ID, Prosecution, Sent Buyers ID, Prosecution, Sent EffectivenessReduce supply Reduce demand Lowering rates of incidents High prosecution rates with stiff penalties as disincentives and confiscation of profits Reduction of financial gains EquityIntnl & domestic victims Treatment Social benefit exceeds social cost Victim treatment; victim restitution Supply side prosecution/confiscation of profits and sentencing Demand side prosecution and sentencing FeasabilityResources assistance programs (ngo's) Cost Benefit Analysis ?$30,500,000 in appropriations 2006/07 each FY issued in grants to organizations$20,000, and beyond from the budgets of three separate departments Statistical data? Rate of success? Future placement and tracking? SustainabilityVigilanceAccurate data recording Cost v Benefit International support and integration Educational efforts Decline in supply Decline in demand Annual Reports

Matrix of current policy + 2 or 3 policy options

Recommendations pro/con of options ?

Conclusion No Standardized Way Of Gathering Data No Central Data Repository No Standardized For Evaluating Data

Chocolate: As more and more chocolate companies begin to introduce greater responsibility into their production, finding slave-free chocolate is getting easier. However, the candy isle at the grocery store is still covered with chocolate from companies like Hershey and Nestle who have no supply chain transparency. responsibility into their production, finding slave-free chocolate is getting easier. However, the candy isle at the grocery store is still covered with chocolate from companies like Hershey and Nestle who have no supply chain transparency. Strawberries: Strawberries are a valuable crop which is difficult to harvest, making migrant workers in the strawberry industry extremely vulnerable to exploitation and slavery. When strawberries are in season, you may be able to find them picked near you. It doesn't guarantee a slave-free berry, but it avoids feeding the industry in California and Central America where much of the trafficking has been found. Poultry: Processing poultry is a gross and dirty job, which means it is often left to undocumented workers. And lack of oversight of poultry factories puts these workers at risk of trafficking. There was even a recent case of disabled workers being enslaved in a turkey processing plant for years. Sugar:The slavery on sugar cane plantations in the Caribbean never quite went away. Slaves grow and harvest sugar in Caribbean, Africa, and Central America. Some grocery stores may carry Fair Trade or ethically-sourced sugar, but you might have to seek out a specialty store in some areas.

Introduction (definition) with incidence (incl costs)Brief Policy History - name, date, major issues addressedBrenda:Matrix of current policy + 2 or 3 policy optionsAmber:Recommendations pro/con of optionsConclusion