HOME COMPOSTING:101 HOME COMPOSTING:101 March 8, 2012 Doug White, Architect March 8, 2012

WHY COMPOST?

In Nature there is no Waste! ST. JOHN “ DUMP”

“AWAY HAS GONE AWAY” William McDonough, Architect STJ DUMP FIRE COST STJ A COMMUNITY CENTER!

WE NEED TO BEGIN TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR OUR WASTE! HAULING WASTE FROM ST. JOHN TO ST. THOMAS IS STILL BEING PAID FOR BY THE ST. JOHN CAPITOL IMPROVEMENT FUND!

ST. JOHN ZERO WASTE PLAN? ST. JOHN ZERO WASTE PLAN?

VI WMA WASTE STUDY VI WMA WASTE STUDY

81.3 % IS COMPOSTABLE OR RECYCLABLE 81.3 % IS COMPOSTABLE OR RECYCLABLE PAPER 43, % 1Newsprint1, % 2Office Paper2, % 3Magazines3, % 4 Corrugated Cardboard (OCC) & Kra ft Paper 20, % 5Paper Board3, % 6Other Paper - Dirty11, % PLASTIC 21, % 7PET (#1) Containers2, % 8HDPE (#2) Containers - Natural1,0840.7% 9HDPE (#2) Containers - Colored1,3230.9% 10Dirty Plastic4, % 11Foam - Polystyrene (#6)1, % 12Other Rigid Plastic3, % 13LDPE - Film Plastic (bags, sheet, etc.)5,2003.5% GLASS 7, % 14Glass - Clear3, % 15Glass - Green2, % 16Glass - Brown2, % METALS 5, % 17Ferrous Metals4, % 18Non-Ferrous Metals (Incl. Al Cans)1,4391.0% ORGANICS 48, % 19 Yard Waste 17, % 20Wood Waste14, % 21 Food Waste 16, % 22Miscellaneous Organ i cs00. 0%

COMPOSTING IS THE CREATION OF HEALTHY SOIL NUTRIENTS! Composting is the natural reduction of Organic Wastes into humus. All organic matter will eventually break down into its basic humus form, or in other words, it will rot. Decomposition is the decaying process aided by millions of bacteria found in organic materials.

COMPOST INGREDIENTS: COMPOST INGREDIENTS: AIR AIR WATER WATER COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL

Aeration: Aeration: Since decomposition is a burning process, a good supply of oxygen is necessary to keep it going. Turning the material in a compost heap to make sure enough air gets to the burning core is an important part of the process. However decomposition will take place in a static, layered compost pile without turning and can produce good compost! But it will take longer.

A compost heap should contain about 50% moisture in the overall mix–too much or too little moisture will slow down the decomposition process. Check your load regularly for moisture content. If the load is too dry, sprinkle it with a garden hose to restore the moisture content. If there are signs of too much moisture (especially foul odors), add dry materials such as sawdust or shredded dead leaves to absorb the excess. One way to gauge the moisture level is to squeeze a handful of the material in your fist. If it does not stick together to form a ball, there is not enough moisture. If liquid squeezes out, there is too much.Moisture:

An easy way to check moisture… TOO WET TOO DRY JUST RIGHT

Material Size Breaking up or shredding the materials you plan to use in your compost has two effects. It increases the surface area of the materials and it breaks or bruises the skin of the plant material. This allows decomposers a place to enter and results in a much faster breakdown – the smaller the pieces, the faster they will decompose. COMPOST MATERIALS:

Any compost heap, whether using a fast method or a longer, slower process, must begin with a good balance of materials. The basic makeup of the material you start with will determine both the effectiveness and speed of the decaying process. These materials also establish the nutrient content of the finished compost. You should not try to make compost with just one ingredient. The de- composition process requires a proper mix of carbon and nitrogen – the C/N ratio –30:1 and that ratio is rarely found in one material alone. Carbon / Nitrogen (C/N) RATIO

Microorganisms, which are the decomposers, need carbon for energy and nitrogen for growth. Materials high in carbon are generally brown and dry, while materials high in nitrogen are usually fresh and green. If there isn’t enough nitrogen, your load could sit for years without even starting to decompose. On the other hand, too much nitrogen can result in the production of ammonia gas that leaks out and disappears into the air – easily detected by its smell.

fresh grass clippings (cut within 24 hours) green yard & garden waste coffee grounds & tea bags egg shells (rinsed & crushed) uncooked fruit & vegetable waste Nitrogen = Green Nitrogen = Green

dead leaves brown garden waste black & white newsprint (shredded & soaked in water) sawdust & wood shavings wood ash Carbon = Brown

branches, twigs, or treated wood. any cooked foods, dairy products, meat or bones. pet waste or untreated human waste. anything you know or suspect to be poisonous or diseased. Do Not Use:

Monitoring the temperature, with a compost thermometer, will tell you a lot about how your compost is progressing. An example: A temperature of 150º-160ºF over a two to three day period will kill the majority of weed seeds. Temperature: Temperature:

Temp. & C:N Ratio 30:1 40:1 60:

Heating occurs each time you add fresh materials. With low volume mixtures, heating does not last very long. The ratio of fresh material to dead material will also affect the heat – a 4:1 ratio will generally create more heat than a 3:1, and so on down the line to 1:1. HEAT & MIXTURE RATIO

Compost Material C:N Ratios Table Scraps: 15:1 Grass Clippings: 19:1 Young Weeds: 30:1 Fruit Waste: 35:1 Leaves: 40:1 – 80:1 Paper: 170:1 Sawdust: 500:1

Sample COMPOST RECIPIES!! Sample COMPOST RECIPIES!! Recipe #1 (C/N ratio = 32.6:1) Fresh grass clippings... 9 parts Kitchen waste parts Black & white newsprint. 3 parts Recipe #2 (C/N ratio = 34:1) Fresh grass clippings...12 parts Sawdust parts General Rule: 4 parts Green: 1 part Brown

Kitchen Waste Containers & Composters Kitchen Waste Containers & Composters

Jaco Farm Organics Compost Shed

Resources: Resources: How to Make Superior Compost with the ComposTumbler. How to Make Superior Compost with the ComposTumbler. The Rodale Book of Composting: Easy Methods for Every Gardner The Humanure Handbook by Joseph Jenkins Rodale’s All-New Encyclopedia of Organic Gardening, Rodale Press

COMPOSTING 101 COMPOSTING 101 Thanks for attending!