The Dawn of Creation and the Beauty of the Universe Wichita State University April 6, 2010 Steven Beckwith University of California

Expansion of the universe Hubble 1929 H 0 = 73 km/s/Mpc H 0 = 500 km/s/Mpc H 0 = 73 km/s/Mpc

Expansion history of the universe Perlmutter et al. (1999) Riess et al. (1998) Constant in past (expected) Slower in past (big surprise!) Redshift cz (km/s) 30, ,000 3, ,000 10,000 Distance (Mpc) Farther in the past Riess, Press, & Kirshner (1996)

8/8/20154 Adam Riess & Saul Permutter

Astronomer Fritz Zwicky & dark matter

Galaxy Clusters & Dark Matter 2: Determine the gravitational mass needed to bind the energies of the galaxies (from the velocities): kinetic energy = -½ gravitational energy 1: Determine the mass in stars from the light Zwicky found that: M gravity ~ 50 M stars

Gravitational Lensing Reveals Total Matter

The Standard Cosmology  tot = 1.0 ± 0.1 h  ≈  71.9 ± 2.6 t 0 = ± 0.12 Gyr T CMB = ± ºK   = ±  M = ± z reion = 11.0 ± 2.6 n s = ±  b = ±

History of Universe

The Universe at 300,000 years The Cosmic Microwave Background T = K  T = 3.35 mK  T = 18 µK  T = 6 µK

Density fluctuations in the early universe

Waves & Prefered Scales 5 m 1 m 1/5 m -1 1 m -1 Wave amplitude spectrum Amplitude f(Hz) direction

Size scale of fluctuations Temperature fluctuation power (  K 2 ) 1º 90º2º0.5º0.2º

WMAP 7 yr Cosmology

Millenium development of structure

NGC /8/201516

Hoag’s Object 8/8/201517

M87 8/8/201518

NGC /8/201519

NGC /8/201520

Sombrero Galaxy 8/8/201521

NGC /8/201522

History of Universe

Ultra Deep Field T then (Gyr) T now 13.7 Gyr UDF Skywalker

Galaxy Morphologies Debra Elmegreen and colleagues (2005) Chain Clump- cluster Double Tadpole Spiral Elliptical

Galaxy Distances: The Lyman Break 26 Steidel et al 1999, ApJ, 462, L17 B V i z z = Gyr z = Gyr z = Gyr z = Gyr B V i z B-dropout 912 A

i-Drop Morphologies Galaxies when the universe was <1 billion years old Milky Way at high redshift

28 Colliding Galaxy Movie

29 HST Galaxy

z 850 Dropouts (z ~ 7, 780 Myr) 8/8/ Oesch et al. 2010, arXiv: v2

Discovering New Phenomena Galileo Sensitivity Improvement over the Eye Year of observation Telescope technology Detection technology Huygens eyepiece Slow f ratios Short’s 21.5” Herschell’s 48” Rosse’s 72” Photograpic Mount Wilson 100”Mount Palomar 200”Soviet 6-m After Fig in Cosmic Discovery, M. Harwit Electronic Hubble Space Telescope James Webb Space Telescope

HST & JWST JWST HST TMT SNAP Galaxy sizes, shapes & luminosities: 0 < z < 10 Creation of “beauty” Expansion history: 0 < z < 2 Dark matter vs. time & space Census of galaxies: 5 < z < 20 Re-ionization of universe Dynamics of assembly & composition: 0 < z < 5 LSST Expansion history: 0 < z < 1 Wide-field surveys with small telescopes: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Evolving Structure

Abell STScI Release

Image credit: V. Springel 1 Gyr z=6 3.3 Gyr z= Gyr z=0 The growth rates depend on the way that gravity acts within the expansion history. Discrepancy between the growth rate of structures predicted by general relativity during the expansion of the universe would be a smoking gun for New Physics. Structure develops as gravitational collapse competes with an expanding universe.

Remnant structure from early sound waves Cosmic Microwave Background Transverse "wave" Longitudinal "wave" The spectrum of “wavelengths” in the distribution of matter (galaxies) tells us how the frozen in pattern of early sounds waves has evolved with universal expansion. Expected wavelength = 150 Mpc = standard ruler Predicted galaxy distribution