The Dawn of Creation and the Beauty of the Universe Wichita State University April 6, 2010 Steven Beckwith University of California
Expansion of the universe Hubble 1929 H 0 = 73 km/s/Mpc H 0 = 500 km/s/Mpc H 0 = 73 km/s/Mpc
Expansion history of the universe Perlmutter et al. (1999) Riess et al. (1998) Constant in past (expected) Slower in past (big surprise!) Redshift cz (km/s) 30, ,000 3, ,000 10,000 Distance (Mpc) Farther in the past Riess, Press, & Kirshner (1996)
8/8/20154 Adam Riess & Saul Permutter
Astronomer Fritz Zwicky & dark matter
Galaxy Clusters & Dark Matter 2: Determine the gravitational mass needed to bind the energies of the galaxies (from the velocities): kinetic energy = -½ gravitational energy 1: Determine the mass in stars from the light Zwicky found that: M gravity ~ 50 M stars
Gravitational Lensing Reveals Total Matter
The Standard Cosmology tot = 1.0 ± 0.1 h ≈ 71.9 ± 2.6 t 0 = ± 0.12 Gyr T CMB = ± ºK = ± M = ± z reion = 11.0 ± 2.6 n s = ± b = ±
History of Universe
The Universe at 300,000 years The Cosmic Microwave Background T = K T = 3.35 mK T = 18 µK T = 6 µK
Density fluctuations in the early universe
Waves & Prefered Scales 5 m 1 m 1/5 m -1 1 m -1 Wave amplitude spectrum Amplitude f(Hz) direction
Size scale of fluctuations Temperature fluctuation power ( K 2 ) 1º 90º2º0.5º0.2º
WMAP 7 yr Cosmology
Millenium development of structure
NGC /8/201516
Hoag’s Object 8/8/201517
M87 8/8/201518
NGC /8/201519
NGC /8/201520
Sombrero Galaxy 8/8/201521
NGC /8/201522
History of Universe
Ultra Deep Field T then (Gyr) T now 13.7 Gyr UDF Skywalker
Galaxy Morphologies Debra Elmegreen and colleagues (2005) Chain Clump- cluster Double Tadpole Spiral Elliptical
Galaxy Distances: The Lyman Break 26 Steidel et al 1999, ApJ, 462, L17 B V i z z = Gyr z = Gyr z = Gyr z = Gyr B V i z B-dropout 912 A
i-Drop Morphologies Galaxies when the universe was <1 billion years old Milky Way at high redshift
28 Colliding Galaxy Movie
29 HST Galaxy
z 850 Dropouts (z ~ 7, 780 Myr) 8/8/ Oesch et al. 2010, arXiv: v2
Discovering New Phenomena Galileo Sensitivity Improvement over the Eye Year of observation Telescope technology Detection technology Huygens eyepiece Slow f ratios Short’s 21.5” Herschell’s 48” Rosse’s 72” Photograpic Mount Wilson 100”Mount Palomar 200”Soviet 6-m After Fig in Cosmic Discovery, M. Harwit Electronic Hubble Space Telescope James Webb Space Telescope
HST & JWST JWST HST TMT SNAP Galaxy sizes, shapes & luminosities: 0 < z < 10 Creation of “beauty” Expansion history: 0 < z < 2 Dark matter vs. time & space Census of galaxies: 5 < z < 20 Re-ionization of universe Dynamics of assembly & composition: 0 < z < 5 LSST Expansion history: 0 < z < 1 Wide-field surveys with small telescopes: Baryon Acoustic Oscillations, Evolving Structure
Abell STScI Release
Image credit: V. Springel 1 Gyr z=6 3.3 Gyr z= Gyr z=0 The growth rates depend on the way that gravity acts within the expansion history. Discrepancy between the growth rate of structures predicted by general relativity during the expansion of the universe would be a smoking gun for New Physics. Structure develops as gravitational collapse competes with an expanding universe.
Remnant structure from early sound waves Cosmic Microwave Background Transverse "wave" Longitudinal "wave" The spectrum of “wavelengths” in the distribution of matter (galaxies) tells us how the frozen in pattern of early sounds waves has evolved with universal expansion. Expected wavelength = 150 Mpc = standard ruler Predicted galaxy distribution