 BR  DR  IMR  Natural increase  Migration  Over population  Under population  Population density

 strain on working population/economy/families; unable to supply enough food to pay for childcare.  time spent by women on childcare/unable to do other work  need for more money to be spent on health care/maternity facilities  overcrowded homes;  street children;  not enough and overcrowded schools;  cost of education/school; so children don’t get qualifications  education for girls

 strain on economy/working population; therefore higher taxation in order to pay pensions  need for more money to be spent on facilities for elderly; e.g. care homes/health care  not enough workers for key positions; so need to attract foreign workers and difficult to defend country  services for young under utilised/uneconomical; therefore schools closed down

How does it work?  incentives for one child families such as free places in schools and free healthcare,  forced abortion/sterilization for parents after first child.  Workplace ‘snooper’ required to grant permission for employees to have child,  advertise benefits of small families such as greater amount of disposable income available

 4:2:1  Ageing population  Female infanticide, 86:100  50 million unmarried men  Relaxed in rural areas such as Tibet  Urban industrial areas working well  FR down from 6.1 in 1950 to 1.7 today  400 million less than without policy

 Mid 1980s  Encouraged immigration and incr in BR  Also favoured graduates  “Have 3 or more if you can afford it”  20,000SGD tax rebate on 4 th child  2006, FR 1.3

 people are unable to work/less food produced as they become weak cannot fight infections,  increases medical care cost as long term care is needed,  reduces size of population due to deaths of people of child bearing age,  increases numbers of orphans as many people who die of HIV/AIDS are aged between 20 and 40 etc

 provides more workers; e.g. skilled labour supply/doctors/dentists/technicians;  or cheap and easily exploited labour to do jobs locals do not want;  results in a multi-cultural society; which enhances cultural understanding;  provision of specialist amenities; e.g. restaurants/takeaways.

 Availability of water  Fertile land  agriculture  Trade, minerals  Urban areas: Issues: Workforce Economy, tax Resources Defence

 Concentrated on coastal areas  Flat and fertile land  Commute from rural to urban  Urban areas, trade

 High density: SE, London, through Bham And Mchester. Industry Transport Also Ncastle, S wales, Central Scotland; Ind Med density: EA, SW, agr Low; N Scot, Mid Wales, agr