Chapter 3: Landforms

1. The Canadian Shield 2. The Interior Plains 3. The Lowlands 4. The mountain rim -Cordillera in the west -Appalachian in the east

 Canadian Shield: A landmass of hard granite rock that covers 50% of the country.

 Igneous Rock: Very hard, impervious rock formed by molten lava beneath the earths surface. ◦ Impervious: water cannot penetrate it  Metamorphic Rock: Rock that has been transformed by heat and pressure beneath the earth’s surface  Sedimentary Rock: Rock composed of sediments formed in layers.

 Most of the Canadian Shield was fromed by igneous rock as hot magma melted and cooled  This melted rock contained minerals.  As the rock was worn away the minerals traveled with the sediments and formed layers in sedimentary rock  These layers are fused together when the sedimentary rock is subjected to heat and pressure  Forming mineral deposits.

 Using Figure 3.14 on page 34 of your text what are some features that can be identified from the Canadian Shield

 What provinces make up the Canadian ShieldÉ ◦ Use figure 3.10 on page 30 to find out. ◦ All of these provinces and territories contain some part of the Canadian Shield  North West Territories  Saskatchewan  Manitoba  Ontario  Quebec  Labrador  Nunavut

 Interior Plains: Erosion wears away the rock of the canadian shield. ◦ this rock is transported westward by rivers streams and ice. ◦ Sediments are deposited layer over layer. ◦ Over millions of years they form sedimentary rock.  Large mostly flat areas in the interior of the country  Rock layers of the interior plains contain valuable mineral resources and fossils  There is a large amount of oil deposited due to layers of microscopic sea creatures.

 There are three low land areas in Canada ◦ The Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands ◦ The Hudson Bay Lowlands ◦ The Arctic Lowlands

 The smallest of the three regions  The countries heart land  Most densely populated region of the country  Most of Canada’s manufacturing happens here.  Composition: ◦ Sediment deposited from the Canadian shield and Appalachians ◦ Layers of limestone, sandstone, and shale ◦ Millions of tonnes of till that is good for farming.  Till Glacial sediment

 Found south of Hudson Bay  Flat layers of sedimentary rock  Once covered by Hudson Bay

 Scattered among the islands in the far north

 Using figure 3.10 identify the provinces that contain some portion of the Lowlands ◦ Nunavut ◦ North West Territiroes ◦ Alberta ◦ Sasketchewan ◦ Manitoba ◦ Ontario

 Faulting: The breaking of the earth’s crust under forces of tension.

 Sediments were deposited in the Great Lakes- St. Lawrence area from the Canadian Shield as well as the Appalachians  This sediment formed layers of limestone and shale beneath the surface.  During the last Ice Age, glaciers carved out the rock leaving behind low lying areas.  When the glaciers began to melt the low areas formed the Great Lakes.  The Lakes were originally larger ◦ Downtown Toronto would be underwater!!!

 Using Figrue 3.10 identify the provinces that share the lowland landform ◦ Nunavut ◦ Ontario ◦ Quebec ◦ Manitoba

 Folding: The bending of the earths crust under forces of compression. ◦ This results in the making of hills and mountains.

 The Mountain Rim consists of two mountain chains ◦ The Western Cordillera ◦ Appalachian Region

 The earth is made up of five layers ◦ The Lithosphere- Crust ◦ The Mantle ◦ The outer core ◦ The Inner Core  The crust sits atop a plastic mantle layer that moves in due to convection ◦ Convection: Rising with heat and falling as it cools  These convection currents cause the plates to move.  Where plates come together there are forces of compression at work and we see folding  Where plates come apart there are forces of tension and we see faulting.

 The Mountains of the Western Cordillera are formed in two main ways ◦ Folding ◦ Volcanic Activity

 As the Pacific and North American Plate come together there is a great force of compression  Compression causes the plates to ripple and bend upward as the lighter ocean plate passes under the continental plate.

 As the Pacific Plate passes under the North American Plate it is subjected to Heat and Pressure  This heat and pressure causes the rock to melt and from into magma plumes.  This magma rises and hardens leaving vast deposits of minerals under the rock of the Cordillera  This rising magma may also shoot out of mountains to form volcanoes

 The Appalachian Mountains are much older that the mountains of the Cordillera.  What does that mean Old Mountains (Appalachian) Young Mountains (Cordillera) Tree coveredBare rock Smooth surfacesJagged rough appearance Lower and gentleHigh and imposing

 Using figure 3.10 determine what provinces make up the Mountain Rim ◦ Newfoundland and Labrador ◦ Nova Scotia ◦ New Brunswick ◦ Quebec ◦ British Columbia ◦ Yukon ◦ North West Territories

 Ch 1: 1a, 2abc, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12.  Chapter 2: 12, 13, 20.

 Topographic map: Maps that provide detailed information about physical features and human activities.  Area symbols: Coloured patterns that represent physical features like lakes and woods  Line symbols: Lines that represent linear features like roads and railways  Point symbols: images that represent features like bridges and buildings.  Legend: key that explains what each symbol, colour, or pattern represents.

 Eastings: Numbers that run across the bottom of that are joined to the lines that run vertically. ◦ Places things east or west  Northing: Numbers that run up the side of a map that are joined to lines that run horizontally. ◦ Places things north or south

 Type of grid that is useful in finding large features.  Uses two numbers of easting and two numbers of northing to locate object  Runs the two numbers together to form a four digit number.  Remember EASTING FIRST NORTHING SECOND!!!  If you easting is 33 and your northing is 54 you reference number will be 3354.

 Type of grid reference that is useful for finding small features  Just like four figure grid, only for it splits the distance between the lines into tenths.  This gives you a third digit for your Easting and Northing  Now you would have 354 for your Easting and 639 for your Northing.  REMEMBER EASTING FIRST  So you would have  This would read 35 and 4 tenths for your easting 63 and 9 tenths for your northing

 Relief: Elevation of the land or feature  Contour Lines: Lines drawn on a map to show relief. Measured in height above sea level.  Contour Interval: The difference in elevation between one contour line and another.

 Ratio Scale: A means of indicating that the distance on the ground is a number of times greater than the same distance on a map.  1:50000  1 unit on the map of any size is equal to times that unit on the ground  1 cm = 50000cm  1km = 50000km  Large Scale Maps: Maps that show small areas in large detail. ◦ Range from 1:10000 to 1:  Small Scale Maps: Maps that show large areas in small detail ◦ Range from 1: to 1: