Chapter 6 Water Resources Elemental Geosystems 5e Robert W. Christopherson Charles E. Thomsen

1995 Water Data

And while we can't say definitively that the current Chinese drought is a direct consequence of rising temperatures, the correlation between China's changing diet, rapid economic growth, and surging emissions of greenhouse gases is hard to miss. The faster China grows and the more high-protein pork and beef and chicken the Chinese eat, the worse it's going to get. Never mind the rest of the world -- how the drama plays out in China might be all we need to watch to see whether the globe as a whole can successfully confront the challenge of balancing economic growth with access to affordable food and water and energy while ensuring that climate disruptions don't completely upset the apple cart. http://www.salon.com/news/global_warming/index.html?story=/tech/htww/2011/02/09/armageddon_again

Lightning Figure 5.37

http://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis

http://www.wfas.us/content/view/17/32/

http://www.hewsweb.org/epweb/mapsrepository/maps/01212_20060728_GBW_A4_ODAP_DROUGHT_MAP_JULY_06.pdf

http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/gcp/h2o/index.html last updates 2008

http://www.emc.ncep.noaa.gov/mmb/gcp/h2o/ last updates 2008

Hoover Dam, NV-AZ

Water Resources Hydrologic Cycle Soil-Water-Budget Concept Groundwater Resources—water mining  Water Supply  

Hydrologic Cycle Model Figure 6.1

Soil-Water-Budget Concept The Soil-Water Balance Equation   Precipitation (PRECIP) input Actual evapotranspiration (ACTET) Determining POTET Deficit Surplus Soil-moisture storage Drought Three Examples of Water Balances Water Budget and Water Resources  

The Soil-Water Balance Equation Figure 6.2

Surface Water   Figure 6.2

Precipitation in North America Figure 6.4

The Colorado River Compact of 1922 - basin divided into an upper and lower half, with each basin having the right to develop and use 7.5 million acre-feet (maf) of river water annually. The Boulder Canyon Project Act of 1928 - apportioned lower basin's 7.5 maf among Arizona (2.8 maf), California (4.4 maf) and Nevada (0.3 maf) The Mexican Water Treaty of 1944 - Committed 1.5 maf of the river's annual flow to Mexico. Minute 242 of the U.S.-Mexico International Boundary and Water Commission of 1973 - Required U.S. to take actions to reduce the salinity of water being delivered to Mexico. The Colorado River Basin Salinity Control Act of 1974 - Authorized desalting and salinity control projects, including the Yuma Desalting Plant, to improve Colorado River quality. (Only operated 9 months in early 1990’s) http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/pao/lawofrvr.html

Tigris and Euphrates Before Turkey began building large dams on the Euphrates, average annual flow at Turkish-Syrian border about 30 x 109 m³. A further 1.8 x 109 m³ added in Syria from Khabour River. On several occasions in recent years, low water levels in Lake Assad reservoir, behind Tabqa dam, restricted the hydro-power output (with installed capacity of 800 MW) and irrigation development. Before 1970 when Turkey and Syria built a series of large dams on the Euphrates River, Iraq used to receive 33 x 109 m³ of river water per year at Hit, 200 km downstream from the Syrian border. By the end of the 1980s, the discharge decreased to as little as 8 x 109 m³ per year at Hit. By 1989, 80% of the natural run-off of the Euphrates River had been developed by adding a third (largest) dam, the Ataturk.

Ground water mining

Day 2 Fog: Incoming air mass? Characteristics of region coming into?

Advection Fog (wind brings moist air over cool surface) Figure 5.20

Evaporation Fog (cold wind blows over warm water) Figure 5.21

Valley Fog (cooler dense air settles) Figure 5.25 Figure 5.22

Radiation Fog (night cooling) Look also at snow Figure 5.23

1960’s: -394 m, 950 km² 2012: -423 m, 637 km²

The proposed conveyance would pump seawater 230 m uphill from the Red Sea's Gulf of Aqaba through the Arabah (Arava) valley in Jordan, then flow down by gravity through multiple pipelines to the Dead Sea, followed by a drop through a penstock to the level of the Dead Sea near its shore and an open Canal to the Sea itself, which lies about 420 m below sea level. The project will consist of about 225 km of seawater and brine conveyance pipelines parallel to the Arabah valley in Jordan. It would also consist of about 178 km of freshwater conveyance pipelines to Amman. It includes water desalination plants and a hydropower plants. Ultimate phase it would provide 850 million cubic m of freshwater per year. It would require electric generating capacity from the Jordanian grid and would provide electricity through hydropower, making the project a large net energy user. The net energy demand would have to be satisfied through power projects whose costs is not included in the project costs. Jordan plans to build a nuclear reactor which may supply these power needs. Project cost estimates vary from $2B to >$10B. The first phase of the Jordan Red Sea Project is expected to cost US$2.5 billion.

Potential Evapotranspiration Figure 6.6

Types of Soil Moisture Figure 6.7

Soil-moisture Availability Figure 6.8

Sample Water Budget Figure 6.10

Sample Water Budgets Figure 6.11

Annual River Runoff Figure 6.12

Hurricane Camille and Water Budgets Figure FS 6.1.2

Groundwater Resources Groundwater Profile and Movement   Groundwater Utilization  Pollution of Groundwater Resource

Groundwater Potential Figure 6.13

Groundwater Characteristics Figure 6.14

Groundwater Characteristics Figure 6.14

Groundwater and Streamflow Figure 6.16

High Plains Aquifer Figure FS 6.2.1

U.S. Water Budget Figure 6.17

Water Withdrawal by Sector Figure 6.18

Global Water Scarcity Figure 6.20

Elemental Geosystems 5e End of Chapter 6 Elemental Geosystems 5e Robert W. Christopherson Charles E. Thomsen

Lysimeter Figure 6.5

Our Water Supply Water Supply in the United States Instream, Nonconsumptive, and Consumptive Uses   Desalination Future Considerations