Role of nuclear power in India’s power-mix Anil Kakodkar Department of Atomic Energy

Scenarios for Total Installed Power Capacity in India (DAE-2004 and Planning Commission-2006 studies)

Stage – I PHWRs 14 - Operating 14 - Operating 4 - Under construction 4 - Under construction Several others planned Several others planned Scaling to 700 MWe Scaling to 700 MWe Gestation period has been reduced Gestation period has been reduced POWER POTENTIAL  10,000 MWe POWER POTENTIAL  10,000 MWeLWRs 2 BWRs Operating 2 BWRs Operating 2 VVERs under 2 VVERs under construction construction Three Stage Nuclear Power Programme Stage - II Fast Breeder Reactors Fast Breeder Reactors 40 MWth FBTR - Operating since MWth FBTR - Operating since 1985 Technology Objectives realised 500 MWe PFBR- 500 MWe PFBR- Under Construction POWER POTENTIAL  530,000 MWe POWER POTENTIAL  530,000 MWe Stage - III Thorium Based Reactors Thorium Based Reactors 30 kWth KAMINI- Operating 30 kWth KAMINI- Operating 300 MWe AHWR- Under Development 300 MWe AHWR- Under Development POWER POTENTIAL IS VERY LARGE POWER POTENTIAL IS VERY LARGE Availability of ADS can enable early introduction of Thorium on a large scale World class performance Globally Advanced Technology Globally Unique

Comparison of Fuel Characteristics Calorific value of fossil fuels (kcal/kg) Domestic Coal: 4000, Imported Coal: 5400, Naphtha: 10500, LNG: 9500 Indian uranium-ore contains only 0.06% of uranium (Canada’s 18%), but this provides –20 times more energy per tonne of mined material than coal when uranium is used in once through open cycle in PHWRs –1200 to 1400 times more energy per tonne of mined material than coal when used in closed cycle based on FBRs 1000 MWe Nuclear Power Plant needs movement of 12 trucks (10 Te/truck) of uranium fuel per year 1000 MWe Coal Power Plant needs movement of 3,80,000 trucks (10 Te/truck) of coal per year

Based on IAEA Bulletin 42, 2000

External Costs for various Electricity Generating Technologies Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006

Natural sources Diagnostic medical X-ray examination Atmospheric Nuclear testing Nuclear Power Production Worldwide annual per capita effective dose (mSv)

Relative environmental impact of different Technologies of electricity generation Biomass Technologies Nuclear Wind Natural gas technologies Existing coal technologies no gas cleaning New coal technologies Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006 Air pollution impacts (PM 10 ) and other impacts Greenhouse gas impacts Low High

Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006 Photovoltaic Offshore wind Onshore wind Hypower Oil Natural gas Coal Nuclear

Overnight 2003 price level Source NEA/ OECD Study, India: NPCIL Study 1000 MW

Levelised Cost of Generation Paise/ kWh at price level Source MW Cr/ MW Years Lev/ Cost Nuclear: Coal : Gas : Assumptions: Discount rate: 5%, PLF 80% 3$/ mmBtu,Coal:Delivered Rs1344/T If uranium is available at international prices, levelised cost of nuclear generation can come down to about 115

Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA, April 2006 Nuclear electricity generation and capacity addition since 1966

500 MWe Fast Breeder Reactor – Construction launched on October 23, 2004 Fast Breeder Reactor Fast Breeder Reactor

ADVANCED HEAVY WATER REACTOR Primary Containment 1 Secondary Containment 3 Gravity Driven Water Pool 4 Isolation Condenser 5 Passive Containment Isolation Duct 6 Vent Pipe 7 Tail Pipe Tower 8 Steam Drum M Floor 10 Fuelling Machine 11 Deck Plate 13 Header 14 Pile Supports 15 Advanced Accumulator 17 Passive Containment Cooler 16 Pre - Stressing Gallery 12 Calandria with End Shield Structured peer review completed Structured peer review completed Pre-licensing design safety appraisal by AERB in progress Pre-licensing design safety appraisal by AERB in progress BASIC DATA BASIC DATA FUEL : U-233/THORIUM MOX + Pu-239/THORIUM MOX COOLANT : BOILING LIGHT WATER MODERATOR : HEAVY WATER POWER : 300 MW(e) 920 MW(t) 920 MW(t)

Accelerator based energy technology Growth with Thorium systemsGrowth with Thorium systems Transmutation of long lived radionuclidesTransmutation of long lived radionuclides LONG TERM R&D EFFORTS NEEDED Accelerator Beam Channel Collimator Proton Beam Fission 233 U Fission fragments

Compact High Temperature Reactor Fluid fuel substitutes (Hydrogen) Fluid fuel substitutes (Hydrogen) Other high temperature heat applications Other high temperature heat applications

Steady state superconducting tokamak (SST-1) BASIC OBJECTIVE IS TO STUDY PHYSICS OF PLASMA PROCESSES IN TOKAMAK UNDER STEADY STATE CONDITIONS SST-1 HAS BEEN FABRICATED AND ASSEMBLED. COMMISSIONING IS IN PROGRESS Pictures of SST-1 Tokamak at IPR, Gandhinagar

Schematic of the prototype fusion breeder reactor India is a member of ITER group Fusion Energy

Challenges and strategies A country of the size of India cannot afford to plan its economy on the basis of large scale import of energy resources or energy technologyA country of the size of India cannot afford to plan its economy on the basis of large scale import of energy resources or energy technology Indigenous development of energy technologies basedIndigenous development of energy technologies based on domestic fuel resources should be a priority for us. Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of the total electric power required 50 years from now, in order to limit energy import dependence in percentage terms at about the current level.Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of the total electric power required 50 years from now, in order to limit energy import dependence in percentage terms at about the current level.

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