TWO CHINESE DYNASTIES AND THEIR INFLUENCE Chapter 12 & 13

Era of Division 220 CE- 589 CE: Period after fall of Han Nomadic Invasions warring among regional kingdoms Bureaucracy and scholar- gentry class collapsed saw rise of aristocracy Increasing influence of Buddhism; less Confucianism

Rebuilding A.Sui Dynasty Wendi Yangdi murdered father to gain power Extended territory reorganized Confucian education Reestablished scholar-gentry Grand Canal Enjoyed luxury Unsuccessful Korean campaigns, 611 & 614, Loss to Turks in 615, led to revolts by provincial governors Yangdi assassinated 618

Tang Empire Li Yuan- Duke of Tang, kept imperial order by emerging as successor to regional battles in 623, son Tang Taizong, 626 conquer nomads, Tibet, Vietnam, Manchuria, Korea, integrated Yangtze River valley Forced migration of conquered military peoples, sinification of conquered peoples

Rebuilding Bureaucracy- RETURN OF THE TESTS!!! Tang monarch reestablished scholar- gentry class: Why??? Counter power of aristocratic nobles Provide structure for massive empire

Importance of Exam System Ministry of Rites: administered the exams, ensured academies taught proper curriculum Jinshi: Passed exams, received gov’t jobs, family special privileges Technically based on hard work Family position helped (corruption)

State & Religion- Rise and Fall of Buddhism Buddhism spread Mahayana Zen Tang Empress Wu ( ) financially supported the spread of Buddhism Anti-Buddhist Backlash Emperor Wuzong persecuted Buddhism destroyed Buddhist monasteries ensuring Confucian supremacy from 9 th century onward

Tang Decline & Rise of Song Tang Emperor Xuanzong- interest in pleasure 755, An Lushan led revolt because of general neglect of empire, economic, military distress Tang repressed rebellion using military alliances with nomads (who then turned and invaded China) Provincial governors (bureaucrats) declared independence, raised armies, taxes Last emperor resigned in 907

Founding of Song 960, Emperor Taizu Unable to defeat Liao Dynasty in north (nomads) required to pay tribute to Manchu peoples, 1004 Scholar-gentry more important than military increased salary for officials Revival of Confucian Thought Neo-Confucianism: applying philosophy to everyday life; morality highest goal; less receptive to outside ideas; focus on rank, obligation, tradition

Song Decline Weakness shown at hands of Khitan encouraged other nomads Military weak- Scholar-gentry and arts BLOATED Last try: Wang Anshi tried to reform Song dynasty: with loans, agriculture, irrigation support, taxed landlords & scholars After supportive emperor died- goodbye reforms! 1115, Jurchen overthrew Liao and invaded Song to Yangtze, leaving Southern Song Empire

Tang & Song Prosperity A.Economic Expansion Grand Canal: linked center of China south to north China Plain and Yangtze river basin; transport money, troops, food, laborers Silk Road reopened with political stability: exported manufactured goods, imported luxury items Bureaucracies regulate commerce, markets, guilds; elevated status of commerce Establish banks, gov’t loans, credit- PAPER MONEY State encouraged agriculture- regulated irrigation, education about soil prep, military garrison to protect agriculture, gave more lands to peasants

Glorious Age of Invention & Creativity Engineering, Banking Practices Explosive powder, poison gases, rocket launchers Compass, abacus, printing press in 11 th century Neo Confucianism stressed skillful writing, painting, literature; blending philosophy with everyday life Depictions of landscapes, natural beauty

Women’s Roles Role of Empress Wu & Yang Guifei supported female role as subordinate, Neo Confucianism honored women as mothers, bearers of sons Foot binding limited mobility

Chapter 13 SPREAD OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION TO JAPAN, KOREA & VIETNAM

Japan: The Imperial Age 1.The Ultimate Attempt to Copy China: 646 Taika Reforms Etiquiette Confucianism Buddhist temples Emperor called “Son of Heaven” Han/Tang bureaucracy 2.Why Taika failed... Resisted by aristocracy, Buddhist monks who influenced emperor Abandoned Reforms 760s- restoring aristocratic families, rank by birth, local leaders organized military

Heian Japan  Court at Heian Actual Power at court waned YET court culture flourished Pursuit of luxury, beauty, surrounded by nature The Tale of Genji Women expected to be poised, educated, creative

II. Era of Warrior Dominance  Decline of Imperial Power and Chinese Influence Aristocratic families,Buddhist monks, Elite families tried to accumulate land Families formed mini-states- Bushi States built own armies (samurai) loyal to local lord (Feudalism) As provincial lords power grew- imperial power and court aristocracy shrunk. As Tang in China fell apart- Japan lost interest in Chinese glamour (scholar- gentry? “son of heaven”? Hah! Instead aristocratic feuds and SAMURAI!)

Japanese Feudalism Begins 1.12 th Century – the Minamoto clan v Tiara 2.Minamoto established Kamukura Shogunate at end of Gempei Wars w/ Tiara 3.14 th Century: Ashikaga overran Emperor, undermined all universal authority Civil war waged between 300 kingdoms led by Daimyos

A. Military Division & Social Change 1.Social Structure Emperor- Symbolic Shogun Daimyo Samurai Peasants suffered under incessant warfare 1.Successful daimyos stabilized village life, introduced new agricultural innovations; attracted successful merchants, artisans 2.Women gained independence in merchant, artisan families B. Artistic Solace  Zen Buddhism encouraged arts, beauty in rough, simple nature