KINETIC POTENTIAL HEAT OR THERMAL CHEMICAL ELECTRICAL Types of Energy and Energy Transfer

Potential and Kinetic Energy Potential Energy Energy that is stored Energy of position Kinetic Energy Energy that is in motion An increase in kinetic energy will increase particle movement Temperature is a measure of an object’s average kinetic energy

Heat Transfer The science of how heat flows is called heat transfer. There are three ways heat transfer works: conduction, convection, and radiation. Heat flow depends on the temperature difference.

Heat or Thermal Energy Thermal Energy or Heat always flows from hot object to cooler object until there is Thermal Equilibrium Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed… So energy is Transformed

1. Describe the difference between kinetic and potential energy 2. What is the law of conservation of energy?

CONDUCTION RADIATION CONVECTION Energy Transformation

What is Conduction? Conduction in Action Transfer of heat through direct contact Heat flows from hot item to cooler item until equilibrium is reached. Conduction

Heat Conduction A thermal insulator is a material that conducts heat poorly. Heat flows very slowly through the plastic so that the temperature of your hand does not rise very much.

Heat Conduction Styrofoam gets its insulating ability by trapping spaces of air in bubbles. Solids usually are better heat conductors than liquids, and liquids are better conductors than gases.

Heat Conduction The ability to conduct heat often depends more on the structure of a material than on the material itself.  Solid glass is a thermal conductor when it is formed into a beaker or cup.  When glass is spun into fine fibers, the trapped air makes a thermal insulator.

Insulators and Conductors Thermal Insulators  Do not transfer heat well  Used for items where heat is to be retained Examples include: Styrofoam Wood Down Feathers Thermal Conductors  Transfer heat very well  Used when it is necessary to move heat from one place to another Examples include: Most metals including copper and aluminum

Describe the difference between a thermal insulator with a thermal conductor….give an example of each. What is thermal radiation? What is thermal equilibrium?

Radiation Radiation is heat transfer by electromagnetic waves. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic waves (including light) produced by objects because of their temperature. The higher the temperature of an object, the more thermal radiation it gives off.

What is Radiation Radiation in Action The transfer of thermal energy when objects are not touching Energy of the sun is radiated by electromagnetic waves Light bulbs are another example of radiant energy Radiation

Convection Convection is the transfer of heat by the motion of liquids and gases. Convection in a gas occurs because gas expands when heated.  Convection occurs because currents flow when hot gas rises and cool gas sink.  Convection in liquids also occurs because of differences in density.

1. What are the 3 different ways that heat energy can be transferred? Explain or give an example of each.

Convection and Continental Drift Convection in the Mantle Convection currents below the surface, cause a rise and fall of magma. It is the widely held theory that these currents cause plate movement. Convection and Earth’s Layers

Temperature Lab

AS WE HAVE SEEN, ENERGY CAUSES CHANGE CHANGE LEADS TO MOVEMENT OF EARTH’S SURFACE MOVEMENT LEADS TO STRESSES AT THE SURFACE Energy and Movement of the Crust

Compression Tension Compression is when two surfaces collide “head on” This leads to folding and crumpling of the crust This is when two surfaces move away from each other This leads to breaks or cracks in the crust Types of Stress

Shearing Shearing is when two surfaces slide past each other, moving in opposite directions. The San Andreas Fault line is a famous example of shearing forces. This leads to “scars” on the landscape

San Andreas Fault

Folded Mountain Compression Stress

Folded Mountain

Faulting Tensile Stress/Pulling Apart

Magma and Rock Magma is the parent material for all rock Rock is: a hard surface composed of minerals and found in the crust. Rock is categorized by Geologists into 3 categories  Igneous  Sedimentary  Metamorphic Granite

Metamorphic Rock Quartzite

Sedimentary Rock Sandstone