Transportation & Sustainability: Options & Opportunity Anne Tazewell NC Solar Center / NC State University

Presentation Outline The Clean Fuel Advanced Technology Project The Importance of Clean Transportation Green Driving / Fleet Practices Alternative Fuels Overview 2

Clean Fuel Advanced Technology Reducing transportation related emissions through: -Education, Outreach, Recognition -Expansion of alternative fuel infrastructure & vehicles Statewide partnership Sponsored by NCDOT with federal CMAQ funding

Section 1 NC Air Quality & Health 4

North Carolina Air Quality 24 counties do not meet national air quality standards for ozone. 5

Health Impacts of Vehicle Emissions 6 42% of the nation lives where pollution levels are dangerous Ozone & Particulates can lead to: Asthma Attacks Chest pain Wheezing and coughing Shortness of breath Inflammation of lungs

Health Impacts of Vehicle Emissions 7 # North Carolina residents at risk due to poor AQ Residents with CV disease2,584,920 Residents with Chronic bronchitis, asthma & emphysema 509,841 Diabetes808,005

CO 2 and Climate Change Greenhouse Effect: increased levels of CO 2 in the atmosphere trap solar radiation….the earth warms... Indicates anomalies by comparing recorded annual temp. values against a long-term avg. 8

Section 2 National Trends in Fuel and Vehicles 9

Petroleum Economics 10 Average US household spent $3,000 annually on gasoline in 2010 Economics & Statistic Administration U.S. Dept of Commerce Demand Growing and industrializing world Supply Exists, but harder to get Many nations historically unfriendly to US

Emission Standards: Cleaner Vehicles : EPA Federal Tier 2 Emissions Standards : EPA & NHTSA (US DOT): National Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Standards & Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards 2016: Entire light-duty fleet will reach 35.5 mpg average 2025: 54.5 miles per gallon (mpg) average

: Congress sets car standard ( ) 2. DOT sets truck standard to max feasible ( ) 3. DOT decreased car standard ( ) 4. DOT sets car standard to 27.5 mpg ( ) 5. Congress freezes truck standards at 20.7 mpg ( ) 6. Bush Admin issues new truck targets ( ) 7. EISA changes CAFE to footprint standard (2008-present) 8. Obama Admin issues new car & truck standards ( ) 9. Obama Admin issues new car & truck standards ( ) Fuel economy standard for passenger vehicles from MY

Heavy Duty Emissions Late All diesel is Ultra Low Sulfur Diesel “Clean” Engine phase-in, heavy duty trucks Lowered NOx 96% & PM 90% compared to 1994 Increased cost of conventional vehicles 13

Alternative Fuel Requirements 1992 Federal Energy Policy Act North Carolina budget provision Executive Order U.S. Energy Independence & Security Act (EISA) Renewable Fuels Standard Biofuel provisions 14

Section 3 NC Economic Development 15

16 Clean Transportation & NC Economy

Section 4 Clean Transportation Solutions - Overview 17

Clean Transportation Solutions There is no silver bullet! Efficiency VMT Reduction Programs Idle Reduction Alternative fuels Advanced technology vehicles 18

Efficiency Get more out of what you use: Eco Driving Proper vehicle maintenance (proper tune-ups, filter changes, engine lubes, tire inflation) Lower speeds and slower accelerations Using overdrive gears and cruise control Removing excess weight “Right size” vehicle for the job and when purchasing get most fuel-efficient/least emissions vehicle Eliminate unnecessary idling For every 5 mph over 60, your fuel efficiency decreases by 7% 19

VMT Reduction Programs Reduce Use: Combine or avoid trips through phone and video conferencing Carpool Adjust routes Use public transit, walk, bike 20

Laws and Fines 21

Idle Reduction 22 Idling is Expensive –$20 billion per year in US Idling is often restricted Idling Pollutes Idle reduction can be cheap and quick

Idle Reduction Technologies Light Duty and Heavy-Duty Vehicles TechnologyLight DutyHeavy DutyBest Use examples Auxiliary Power SystemsXHeavy duty trucks Extended Deep Cycle Power Sources XPolice cars, Ambulances Air HeatersXXTaxis, Limousines Automatic Power Management Systems XXPolice cars Energy Recovery Systems XXMisc. Truck-Stop Electrification XHeavy duty trucks Battery Air Conditioning Systems XHeavy duty trucks 23

Section 6 Clean Transportation Technologies 24

Section 6A Clean Transportation Technologies Fuels 25

Natural Gas Decreased emissions of NOx Reduced fuel costs Low carbon density Excellent choice for: Refuse Transit Delivery High mileage fleet applications 26

Propane 27 Decreased emissions of NOx Lower cost fuel, fueling and conversion No loss of performance Excellent choice for: First responders Para-transit

CNG and LPG Considerations 28 Reduced emissions Energy security Cost savings Established distribution network

Biodiesel 29 Decreased emissions Non-toxic and safe Often higher cost fuel No conversion required Excellent choice for: Existing vehicles Local economy

E85 Air Quality Benefits: Criteria Pollutant Emissions Ethanol 30 Decreased emissions Can be low-cost Lower energy density No conversion required Excellent choice for: Existing vehicles Local economy

Ethanol: Food vs Fuel? Field corn, not sweet corn Field Corn is a raw material refined into: Starch Sweeteners Oil Meal Animal Feed Ethanol 31 ≠

Cellulosic Ethanol 32 KiOR – Columbus, MS POET – Emmetsburg, Iowa Alpha – Clinton, NC

Section 6B Clean Transportation Technologies Vehicles 33

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Source: Reduced fuel costs & emissions Components: Petrol & electric motors Battery storage Regenerative braking 66 vehicle models in

Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Lithium-ion battery pack & electric motor mile all-electric range Plug into a 120V or 240V outlet models include: Cadillac ELR Chevy Volt Ford C-MAX Energi Ford Fusion Energi Honda Accord Toyota Prius Plug In 35 Chevy Volt all electric, 40mi range standard gas engine 38 mpg Currently best selling PEV (Sept ‘13) C-Max Energi all electric, 75mi range gas and electric, 600mi range

Electric Vehicles Potential for zero emissions 57% less CO 2 in NC cents per gallon equivalent mile avg range Enhanced performance Many options and applications Increased availability of charging & Standardized plugs NC is ready! 36

Selected EVs Available in NC Ford Focus Electric all-electric, 76 mi range Mitsubishi I all electric 62 mile range Honda Fit EV All electric, 83 mi range 37 Nissan Leaf all-electric, mi range Up to $7,500 federal tax credit for electric vehicles!

Natural Gas Vehicles Dedicated & Bi-fuel options Soon on state contract Models from Ford, Honda, GM, Cummins Westport Warranties on many EPA certified up-fits NC Clean Transportation Technology Industry Directory

Propane Vehicles 39 Dedicated & Bi-fuel options Soon on state contract Models from Freightliner, Thomas Built, Roush (Ford) & Bluebird Warranties on many EPA certified up-fits NC Clean Transportation Technology Industry Directory

2014 E85 Flex Fuel Vehicles (FFVS) For annual list of FFVs visit OR Search.jsp?keep=1&tabView=0 Search.jsp?keep=1&tabView=0 Audi A4 quattro Audi A5 Cabriolet quattro Audi A5 quattro Audi Q5 Bentley Continental Bentley Flying Spur Buick Lacrosse Cadillac Escalade Chevrolet Captiva Chevrolet Equinox Chevrolet Express 1500 Chevrolet Impala Chevrolet Silverado Chevrolet Suburban Chevrolet Tahoe Chrysler 200 Chrysler 300 Dodge Avenger Dodge Charger Dodge Durango Dodge Grand Caravan Dodge Journey Ford E150 Ford E250 Ford Expedition Ford Explorer Ford Focus Ford Taurus GMC Savana GMC Sierra GMC Terrain GMC Yukon Denali GMC Yukon Jaguar XF Jaguar XJ Jaguar XJL Jeep Grand Cherokee Land Rover Range Rover Lincoln Navigator Mercedes –Benz C300 Mercedes-Benz E350 Mercedes-Benz ML350 Nissan Armada Nissan Titan Ram 1500 Ram C/V Toyota Sequoia Toyota Tundra Volkswagen Routan 40

Diesel Retrofit Technologies Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) Diesel Oxidation Catalysts (DOC) Closed Crankcase Ventilation 41 Check EPA website for verified technology list

Section 7 Resources and Next Steps 42

State and Local Resources State Level NC Solar Center N.C. Dept of Transportation Local/Regional Level Triangle Clean Cities Coalition (Raleigh- Durham) Centralina Clean Fuels Coalition (Charlotte) Land of Sky Clean Vehicles Coalition (Asheville)

Federal Resources +Fuel+Economy/Fuel+economy+and+environment+label EPA’s Green Vehicle Guide DOE’s Fuel Economy Guides New vehicle stickers 44

October 22-24,2014 Southeast Alternative Fuels Conference & Expo Raleigh Convention Center Raleigh NC Website coming end of Nov: SAVE THE DATES!