Psychology of Learning EXP4404 Chapter 11: Memory and Forgetting Dr. Steve
Topics Covered Stage Model of Memory Semantic Models of Memory Theories of Forgetting Memory Disorders Applications of Memory Research Memory Strategies
Stage Model of Memory DecayDisplacementRetrieval Failure Rehearsal Atkinson & Shiffrin
Sensory Memory Stage Model of Memory Sperling experiment demonstrates that...
Short Term Memory Encoding Storage Retrieval Serial Position Effect Primacy Effect Recency Effect Stage Model of Memory
Encoding and Remembering Maintenance Rehearsal Elaborative Rehearsal Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart) Shallow Deep Von Restorff Effect Stage Model of Memory
Long Term Memory Declarative Memory Semantic Memory Episodic Memory
Nondeclarative Memory Procedural Memory Stage Model of Memory
Semantic Network Models Hierarchical Networks RT studies by Collins & Quillian (1972) Animal Has skin Can move around Eats Breaths BirdFish Has fins Can swim Has gills Has wings Can fly Has feathers Canary Can sing Is yellow Penguin Is black & white Can’t fly Shark Can bite Is dangerous Salmon Is pink Is edible Swims upstream
Spreading Activation Strong semantic relationship are represented by... Demonstrated with priming effect experiments Semantic Network Models spoon fork knife toolssaw hands arms fingers toes hammer nails
Semantic Models Category Clustering
Forgetting Ebbinghaus Memorized long lists of nonsense syllables (cew, qoz)
Forgetting Theories of Forgetting Decay Theory Interference Proactive Retroactive
Forgetting Variables affecting interference: Meaningfulness of material Similarity of material Time between learning and recall
Memory Disorders Amnesia May be caused by damage to the limbic system (specifically Hippocampus). Case of HM – Suffered from: Moderate retrograde amnesia Severe anterograde amnesia
Memory Disorders Korsakoff’s Syndrome May suffer both retrograde and anterograde amnesia Case of 59 yr old man
Memory Disorders Alzheimer’s Disease
Applications: Foraging Organisms may be less likely to forget information when it is important for survival
Applications: Eyewitness Testimony Loftus & Palmer Believed memories were reconstructed each time they are accessed Study:
Memory Techniques and Strategies Cue-Dependent Forgetting(Encoding Specificity) State-Dependent Learning
Memory Techniques and Strategies Massed vs. Distributed Practice Fatigue Consolidation Differential Encoding Hypothesis
Memory Techniques and Strategies Generation Effects Overlearning
Memory Techniques and Strategies Method of Loci First noted as technique by ancient Greeks
Memory Techniques and Strategies Keyword Technique
Memory Techniques and Strategies Other Mnemonics Musical staff Biological categorizations Mathematical order of functions I before E, except after C 30 days has November, April, June, and September
Memory Techniques and Strategies Pegword To recall following grocery list (eggs, apples, butter, soda, pasta, tuna, steak, sugar, chips, lettuce) One is a bun – egg resting on a bun Two is a shoe – shoe kicking an apple Three is a tree – a butter tree Four is a door – coke logo on a door Five is a hive – beehive made of pasta Six is sticks – can of tuna balanced on a stick Seven is heaven – steak with angel wings Eight is a gate – fence gate made of sugar cubes Nine is wine – potato chips floating down a river of wine Ten is a hen – hen sitting on top of lettuce head
Memory Techniques and Strategies Chunking
Memory Techniques and Strategies Narrative Chaining Make a story with the following word list: Walrus, Brass, Fan, Frog, Hospital, Lightbulb, Cookie Amazing Feats of Memory Video