Avionics AAE 450 Spring 2008 Project Bellerophon April 17, 2008 Avionics

Overview Avionics Telecommunications Vehicle Antennas Data Channels Tracking Ground Antennas Data Channels Data Processing Flight Control Data Processing Inputs Sensors Outputs Controls Power Systems Source Supply Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Electronic Parts: Component Rating CommercialClass BClass S Commercial RequirementsClass S Requirements Infinite production lot sizeBuilt one at a time No burn-in testingExtended burn-in time (up to 240 hours) No detailed failure analysisExtended failure analysis No life testing1,000 hour life test on every lot No traceabilityTraceable to the raw materials > 1% failure per 1000 hours allowed0.0001% failures per 1000 hours allowed 1 NASA Electronics Parts Assurance Group Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Telecom Analysis: Doppler Shift Frequency Shift due to Doppler Effect Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Telecom Analysis: Data Rate Change in Link Margin due to Data Rate Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Telecom Analysis: Path Length Change in Link Margin due to Signal Path Length Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Telecom Design: Vehicle Link Budget ItemValueUnits frequency401MHz transmitter power5Watts transmit antenna beamwidth60deg transmit antenna diameter0.87m equiv isotropic radiated power12.3dB-W propagation path length5,000km receive antenna diameter10m receive antenna beamwidth5.24deg data rate9,600bps signal to noise ratio50.82dB carrier to noise density ratio90.64dB-Hz bit error rate implementation loss-2dB final margin39.20dB Simplified Link Budget Minimum Margin: 3 dB Vehicle Margin: 39.2 dB Avionics AAE 450 Spring

 Range Safety Officer (RSO) –An individual who is responsible for the remote destruction and consequent flight termination of the launch vehicle should it be deemed a hazard.  RSO Responsibilities –Evaluate the launch vehicle design as well as oversee the manufacturing process. –Monitors the launch vehicle and environmental conditions prior to launch. –Monitors and tracks the launch vehicle during flight.  Hiring –Budget $1,700 per launch, assuming a 5 day period. Range Safety: Personnel Avionics AAE 450 Spring

 Flight Corridor –An imaginary zone that exists in a space above the launch range.  Application –Implemented so that if the launch vehicle where to experience a failure during flight, the vehicle will fall to the ground in an uninhabited area.  Termination –The launch vehicle must be destroyed if it flies outside the predetermined flight corridor. Range Safety: Flight Corridor Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Non-Space-Rated Sensors Sensor TypePart NumberManufacturerUnit Price ThermalTS3-85Cantherm$10.29 Pressure Measurement Specialties Inc. $ Flow26616Gems Sensors, Inc.$ ForceFSS1500NSR Honeywell Sensing and Control $46.56 Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Space-Rated Sensors Sensor TypePart NumberManufacturer Unit Price ThermalS /04 Honeywell Sensing and Control $800 PressurePPTR Honeywell Sensing and Control $970 Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Sensor Reliability Analysis: Thermal SensorCompanyAccuracyReliability 270 Space SeriesHoneywell Aerospace ±2.8°C100,000 Cycles MCP9700/9700A (non-space-rated) Microchip±2°Cnone AS-TE (space- rated) Fluid Components International ± 0.3° C200,000+ Hours Various (space- rated) Measurement Specialties ±0.01˚C3500 cycles (can be specified) This table details the reasons for differences in cost. Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Power Supply: Power Budget Vehicle Flight TimeBalloon Rise Time Vehicle System Percent of Operating Power Power (W) Energy Consumption (Wh) Mass (kg) Power (W) Energy Consumption (Wh) Mass (kg) Payload Propulsion Attitude Control Communications Command and Data Handling Thermal Power Management Total Safety Factor g Payload Case, Silver Zinc Battery, Balloon Launch Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Power Supply: Battery Selection LiCFLi SOCl 2 AgZn Watt-Hours/Kilogram Watt-Hours/Liter Discharge Rate LowModerateHigh Failure Tolerance Low High Cell Voltage 2.95V3.1V1.5V Experience Level HighModerateHigh Costs Low Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Power Supply: AgZn Battery AgZn Benefits  Can charge 4 to 6 times in case of scrub  Capable of controlling gimballing, ignition, and range safety subsystems Silver Zinc (AgZn) Battery PropertyValue Weight (kg) Volts (V) Rated Capacity (Ah) Specific Energy (Whr/kg) Energy density (Whr/l) Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Power Supply: Batteries Estimate Cost: < $10,000 Weight: kg BatteryWeightWh/kgCost Silver-Zinc (AgZn) kg110~$10,000 Lithium- Monofluoride (Li/CF) kg Lithium/Thionyl Chloride (Li/SoCl 2 ) kg Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Installation Cost Primary Contractor: Aircraft Electrician Median Salary 1 $40, Work Days per Year240 Income Per Day$ Income Per Hour$21.35 Billing Rate Per Hour$32.02 At four weeks of billable work Installation Cost:$7, Salary data from Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Telecom: Failure Analysis Sources of Failure Telecom Equipment Radio Transmitter Receiver Antenna Data Handling Data processing Data wiring External Sources Doppler Shift Power Supply Orientation Misalignment Reliability Factors For a low complexity system with redundancy 1 : Part Class Reliability Class B: 98.75% Class S: 99.87% Assumptions - Simple system - Low radiation dose - Reliability based on a five year mission plan 1 Wertz, 404. Avionics AAE 450 Spring

 First Stage: kg total (safety factor=1.2) -wiring: 2kg -sensors 1.02kg -battery 2kg  Second Stage: kg total (safety factor=1.2) -Telecom: 10 kg-CPU: 0.85 kg -Sensors: 1.02 kg-Range Safety: 9.23 kg -Wiring: 2 kg-IMU: kg -Battery: 2kg  Third Stage: 1.2 kg total (safety factor=1.2) -Wiring: 1 kg Mass Budget Avionics AAE 450 Spring

 Launch lock (US Patent )  Motorized release  Explosive Bolt/Spring sequence 1  Explosive/Slingshot Sequence 1 (Professor Filmer), (International Reference Guide to Space Launch Systems pg 296) Payload: Launching Options Avionics AAE 450 Spring

 Assumptions Made –The Earth is spherical in shape. –The area where the signal intercepts the Earth is circular. –Neglect any antenna mounting errors or design issues. –Neglect any atmospheric anomalies which may refract the signal. –The signal propagation from a cluster of directional antennas can be estimated using a omnidirectional antenna. –The signal propagation from an omnidirectional antenna is spherical in shape. Signal Projection: Assumptions Avionics AAE 450 Spring

1 Professor Filmer, Purdue University School of Aeronautics and Astronautics Approximate Ground Equipment Costs 1 Radio ($1,200) Antennas ($500) Computer ($2,000) Misc ($500) Total: $4,200 Example Case: Small Payload Launch Vehicle LV Ground TrackBalloon Ground Track km km Mean Propagation Radius 4,995.4 km Launch Vehicle Tracking Avionics AAE 450 Spring

Avionics: Cost Budget UnitCosts Wiring - Materials$ Installation$ 7,500 CPU$ 10,000 IMU$ 15,000 Sensors (500 each)$ 8,000 Battery$ 10,000 Range Safety$ 20,000 Ground Tracking$ 24,000 Total$ 95,000 Avionics AAE 450 Spring