Using Direct Quotation Tips, Tricks, Techniques

Why Quote? Quoting someone else’s words can: Lend credibility to your argument. Help ensure that your argument is fair and accurate. Provide you with a major source of evidence to support your claims.

Common Mistakes Quoting too little. Quoting too much. Assuming that quotations speak for themselves.

Quote Relevant Passages Before you can select appropriate quotations, you need to have a sense of what you want to do with them. Ask yourself: “How might quotations from the reading help me to build my ideas?”

Quote For A Reason Do not put quotations into your essay simply to demonstrate that you’ve read the author’s work. Ask yourself: “How are my quotations developing my argument? What are my quotes doing?” Do they agree with my point? Do they contrast/disagree with my point? Do they provide specific examples of my point?

New Quotes? As your argument evolves, your use of quotes may change. When you are engaged in the writing process, there is often a great deal of back- and-forth between your arguments and any quotations you select.

Activity: Analyze Your Quote Selection- Rhetorical Considerations Focus on the two body paragraphs you outlined that start with a MAIN IDEA about your CONCEPT. Ask yourself the following questions: What is the author saying in this passage? Paraphrase his ideas. How does this quotation help me PROVE and/or DEVELOP my POINT? Does it SUPPORT OR AGREE with the point you are making? Does it CONTRADICT or CONTRAST with the point you are making? Does it provide more detailed information to illustrate or elaborate on the point you are making?

Framing Your Quotes Quotations do not speak for themselves. You need to build a frame around them in which you do that speaking for them.

Dangling Quotations Quotations inserted into a text without a frame are sometimes called dangling for the way they are left dangling without any explanation. They make your reader think, “Huh?”

Example of A Dangling Quote Susan Bordo writes about women and dieting. “Fiji is just one example. Until television was introduced in 1995, the islands had no reported cases of eating disorders. In 1998, three years after programs from the United States and Britain began broadcasting there, 62 percent of the girls surveyed reported dieting.” I think Bordo is right. Another point Bordo makes is that…

Note that the writer does not: Introduce the quote adequately. Who is Susan Bordo? Are these even her words? Explain why she finds the passage worth quoting. How do Bordo’s words connect to the writer’s ideas? Susan Bordo writes about women and dieting. “Fiji is just one example. Until television was introduced in 1995, the islands had no reported cases of eating disorders. In 1998, three years after programs from the United States and Britain began broadcasting there, 62 percent of the girls surveyed reported dieting.” I think Bordo is right. Another point Bordo makes is that…

Quotation Sandwich To adequately frame a quotation, you need to insert it into a “quotation sandwich.” The statement of introduction serves as the “top slice” of the bread. The explanation that follows the quote serves as the “bottom slice.”

Quotation Sandwich, Cont. The statement of introduction should explain who is speaking and set up what the quotation says. The explanation should state why you consider the quotation to be important and what you take it to say.

Moves for Introducing Quotations X asserts, “______________.” As the prominent Philosopher X puts it, “____________.” According to X, “_____________.” X himself contends, “____________.” In her book ____________, X maintains that “______________.” Writing in Time Magazine, X complains that “___________.”

Employ Active Verbs When adding such introductory phrases, be sure to use language that accurately reflects the spirit of the quoted passage. Generally not says or writes (dull) Rather, argues, asserts, believes, claims, emphasizes, agrees, endorses, praises, supports, complains, contends, denies, refutes, calls for, pleads, urges (vivid!)

Moves for Explaining Quotations Basically, X is affirming _____________. In other words, X believes _________. In making this comment, X argues that ________. X is insisting that __________. X’s point is that ___________. The essence of X’s argument is that __________.

Revised Example The feminist philosopher Susan Bordo deplores the hold that the Western obsession with dieting has on women. Her basic argument is that increasing numbers of women across the globe are being led to see themselves as fat and in need of a diet. Citing the island of Fiji as a case in point, Bordo notes that “until television was introduced in 1995, the islands had no reported cases of eating disorders. In 1998, three years after programs from the United States and Britain begun broadcasting there, 62 percent of the girls surveyed reported dieting” (149-50). Bordo’s point is that the West’s obsession with dieting is spreading even to remote places across the globe. Ultimately, Bordo complains, the culture of dieting will find you, regardless of where you live. Bordo’s observations ring true to me because…

Black: Interpretation The feminist philosopher Susan Bordo deplores the hold that the Western obsession with dieting has on women. Her basic argument is that increasing numbers of women across the globe are being led to see themselves as fat and in need of a diet. Citing the island of Fiji as a case in point, Bordo notes that “until television was introduced in 1995, the islands had no reported cases of eating disorders. In 1998, three years after programs from the United States and Britain begun broadcasting there, 62 percent of the girls surveyed reported dieting” (149-50). Bordo’s point is that the West’s obsession with dieting is spreading even to remote places across the globe. Ultimately, Bordo complains, the culture of dieting will find you, regardless of where you live. Bordo’s observations ring true to me because… Red: Introduction White: Quote Blue : Explanation Black: Interpretation

Remember… Select quotes that are relevant to your argument. Be flexible—your selection of quotes may change as you write. Don’t assume that quotes speak for themselves. Make “Quotation Sandwiches”—that is, frame quotes with introductory phrases and explanations

What Questions Do You Have?

Activity: Framing Quotes Scan your essay and mark each direct quotation. Go back and review each quote carefully. Is each one Introduced properly? Cited accurately? Followed by an explanation? Revise each quote for clarity.

Practice Moves Introductions (before quotes) X argues, “______________.” As the prominent Philosopher X puts it, “____________.” According to X, “_____________.” X himself asserts,“___________.” In her book ____________, X maintains that”______________.” Writing in Time Magazine, X complains that “___________.” Explanations (after quotes) Basically, X is contending _____________. In other words, X believes _________. In making this comment, X argues that ________. X is insisting that __________. X’s point is that ___________. The essence of X’s argument is that __________.

Peer Response: Checklist for Quote Integration Does the quote have enough context leading into it? In other words, does the writer tell his/her audience enough about the quote/passage so that it makes sense to someone who hasn’t read that text? (Y/N) Does the writer introduce the author and/or text title before leading into the quote/passage? (Y/N) Does the writer use a signal phrase with an action word such as, “Douglass recalls…” (Y/N) Does the writer explain ALL the ideas of that quote? (Y/N) Does the writer show how that quote connects to his/her main idea?

End Portions of this presentation are excerpted from They Say/I Say: The Moves that Matter in Academic Writing, 1st ed., pp. 39-47, by Gerald Graff and Cathy Birkenstein.