VERBS Verb is a part of speech that shows:  ACTION  STATE OF BEING (NON-ACTION) State of being –be Feelings - love Senses - see Mental activity or state-

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1 Reproduced by kind permission of Erik Smitterberg (PhD, Docent), Department of English, Uppsala University A-level Grammar 4: Verbs and Verb Phrases.

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VERBS Verb is a part of speech that shows:  ACTION  STATE OF BEING (NON-ACTION) State of being –be Feelings - love Senses - see Mental activity or state- recognize Verb is also one of the heroes of a sentence- NO Sentence can exist without a verb! VERBS

Go, Be, Do, Run Have, eat, meet AUXILIA RY BE HAVE DO Will

AUXILIARIES / HELPING VERBS Are used with the main verb to: Express Time (form a verb tense) Ex. I have seen that movie! Form a Question ( All questions start with Aux or Modal verbs) Ex. Do you agree with me? Form a Negative Ex. They were not listening.

ENGLISH AUXILIARIES ARE: BE ( am, is, are/ was, were) - forms Progressive Tenses (statements, ?s and Negatives) DO (do, does, did) - is used with Simple Tenses (?s and Negative) HAVE ( have, has, had) - forms Perfect Tenses (statements, ?s and Negatives) WILL (will, would) -forms Future Tenses (statements, ?s and Negatives) REMEMBER: Auxiliaries have NO Meaning of their own!

Verb tense is used to designate when an action takes place in time. Verb tenses are formed with the help of Auxiliary (Helping Verbs). There are four main categories of tense: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive which can have their present, past, future, and past future form to express different time relationships.

VERBS TENSES 4 X 4 = 16 PRESENT PAST FUTURE PAST FUTURE SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE PERFECT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

SIMPLE Aux: DO (Only for ? and Negative)  PRESENT  PAST  FUTURE  PAST FUTURE

PROGRESSIVE Aux: BE o PRESENT o PAST o FUTURE o PAST FUTURE

PERFECT Aux: HAVE  PRESENT  PAST  FUTURE  PAST FUTURE

PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Aux: HAVE BEEN PRESENT PAST FUTURE PAST FUTURE

TENSE OR ASPECT? THE NEW APPROACH Starting 2011 new linguistic books claim that there are only 2 tenses: present and past all the rest are called Aspects. The reason behind this new approach is that the statements (declarative sentences) of all the other tenses are formed with the help of AUXILARY except the PRESENT Simple and the PAST Simple.

1. Present Simple & Present Progressive (Present Life vs Present Moment Action or Non Action) 2. Past Simple & Past Progressive with time Clauses WHEN, WHILE, BEFORE, AFTER 3. Present Future & Present Simple with time Clauses IF, WHEN, AFTER, BEFORE, AS SOON AS