Solutions to Overpopulation & Population Policies

Possible Solutions to Overpopulation Page 199 Possible solutions Barriers to these solutions

Population Policies What types of population policies exist ? http://www.monochrom.at/english/2008/04/demographic-winter.htm What types of population policies exist ?

Pro-natalist or Expansive (Promote more births)

Anti-natalist or Restrictive (Promote fewer births) http://www.greenprophet.com/countries/afghanistan/

+ Maintenance or Stability 2 babies .1 http://www.yooj.co.uk/test_page_1.html http://www.visualphotos.com/image/2x4628085/russian_babys_feet_sticking_out_from_blanket

Pro-natalist Anti-natalist CBR CDR RNI Russia 13 14 -0.1 China 12 7   Anti-natalist CBR CDR RNI Russia 13 14 -0.1 China 12 7 0.5 Japan 8 9 Egypt 25 5 2 Germany 10 -0.2 India 23 1.6 Singapore 4 Vietnam 17 1 Iran 19 6 1.3 Indonesia France 0.4 Ethiopia 37 2.7 Australia 0.8 Bolivia 26 1.9 Newfoundland Nepal Quebec 11 Philippines Niger 48 3.6 Mali 45 15 3

Does where a country fits within the DT influence the type of population policy they implement ? RNI x 10 is plotted pro-natalist anti-natalist (horizontal position is what is important)

Expansive Population Policies Not as common today as they were twenty years ago Reasons: Replaces those lost in war and civil unrest Build up the military Replace retiring folks in the workforce Support the increasing number of seniors Lead to economic growth Examples: Japan Singapore Quebec (until recently) Newfoundland

U.S.S.R. 1944 – 1992 awarded medals to women in order to encourage a high fertility rate. 6 – 8 million 1932 - 1933 famine 8 – 10 million Stalin’s repression 14 million military losses in WW2 20 million civilian losses in WW2 Total 50 million + Why ?

Motherhood Medals 5 children 8,000,000 awarded 2nd Class 1st Class

Order of Maternal Glory 3rd Class 2nd Class 1st Class 7 children - 2,000,000 awarded 8 children - 1,000,000 awarded 9 children - 500,000 awarded

Order Mother Heroine 10 children 200,000 awarded

Russia Recent incentives 2006 - 2012 2nd & subsequent babies - ~ $10,000 (pd. at age 3) - ~ $60.00 / month if more than 3 children - ~ $250 / month more available daycare adjustable work schedules for women smart immigration policy – encourage expats to return home (cash, social benefits, jobs) --encourage talented young foreigners to immigrate established a special system of pension for housewives as a separate class financial support for single mothers July 8 – new national holiday – Day of Family, Love, and Fidelity Medals given out for long married couples with children (25 years+)

Ulyanovsk Oblast, Russia - Family Contact Day (Conception Day) http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20268426/ns/world_news-europe/t/russians-offered-day-prizes-procreate/ Grand Prize winners of “Give Birth to a Patriot on Russia’s Independence Day” Contest

Conception Day started Sept. 12, 2005 http://www.russianlessons.net/russia/ulyanovsk/ Post office sponsored contest – best love letter Best young family contest Libraries display reading material for parents to be possible day off work to allow for conception / contests / displays if birth June 12 - win a prize TVs, washing machines, SUV Grand Prize to the parents judged to be the fittest

Australia Baby bonus - ~2004 “have one for your husband, one for your wife, and one for the country” $5000 /child

Quebec, Canada 1950s – very high total fertility rate Why ? 1980s – one of the lowest in Canada Why ? -1 - Baby boom + Roman catholic church control – opposed the use of contraceptive techniques. The church also encouraged large families as a “demographic investment” that insured the survival of French Canada within the Canadian Confederation. 2 – (Liberalization of church and emancipation of women) 3 – Power in canada would weaken – less population, less power, and less influence within the country…also to preserve French culture. Quebec government wanted to increase the TFR Why ?

Quebec 1987 – 1992 1992 – 1997 1997 program cancelled $ 500 for each of 1st 2 children $3000 for each subsequent child child care facilities improved & expanded tax free family allowance if 2 or more children interest free housing loans (up to $7000) 1992 – 1997 $ 500 for 1st child $1000 for 2nd $6000 for each subsequent child other benefits remain the same Did not receive results that they were looking for. 1997 program cancelled

Quebec 2003 election Parti Quebecois’ platform involved population expansion Today probably the best day care system in Canada Bernard Landry couples who have a baby within 5 years of finishing university will get 1/2 their student loan paid off

Newfoundland View two articles

Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada out-migration *Why ? declining fertility http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Newfoundland_and_Labrador,_Canada.svg

http://www.reocities.com/ftmcmurray2003/ http://jewishwings.com/trips/newfoundland/ http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photography-newfoundland-fishing-boats-image10517522 http://www.oilsandsdevelopers.ca/index.php/oil-sands-technologies/mining/

Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada $1000 per birth or adopted baby improved maternity/paternity program improved daycare http://www.whiterockdaycare.ca/photogallery_chrismas.htm

Restrictive Population Policies Reasons: Cannot afford to provide for them Overpopulation concerns (limited available resources) Local, national, & international scale Allow more women in the workforce and boost economy First one: India (1950) Policies (Family planning advice, low-cost birth control devices, and encouragement) Philippines, Mexico, Bangladesh (LLDCs) More Aggressive Policies (forced abortions and sterilization) China, India, Indonesia

China - One Child Policy 1979 - rewards start once 1 child contract is signed Rewards free medical care free daycare and schooling guaranteed job for child bonuses for parents extra maternity leave better housing bigger old age pension Penalties must repay financial benefits educational, medical benefits, & guaranteed jobs are withdrawn parents’ wages reduced

*How did the government persuade its citizens to cooperate ?

Massive Infrastructure of Population Control Workers - Every community, population-control committee members carefully monitor their neighbours - In every workplace, assigned employees regularly check-up on female co-workers - If an additional pregnancy is discovered – immediately report infraction and begin counseling to convince the couple that an abortion is required. - Quotas in workplaces (all workers will lose their bonuses – peer pressure)

Peer pressure

Education Program http://www.nisjapan.minidns.net/nis/galleries/5thgradestudentwork/5thGradeChinaProject/07CN.html

Advertising http://www.iisg.nl/~landsberger/pop1.html

Human Rights infringements Cases. - Women being forced to terminate a 3rd pregnancy and in some regions a 2nd - If 2nd child is born, the state forces either the mother of father to be sterilized Rules that have emerged. Situation Consequence Twins or Triplets? No punishment. Baby seriously disabled A 2nd child permitted if a doctor confirms he or she will be healthy 1st child dies 2nd child is possible with permission Couple divorces and remarries Child is permitted

Preference for sons Example: farming families wanting a son to help on the farm Consequently: ** Some couples have an extra child despite the penalties ** Some abort female fetuses ** Others kill their female babies Estimated that 300 000 more boys than girls are born in China each year. Government Response to this problem Some rural areas: Couples who have female babies, may be allowed to try for a son four years after the first child is born. Cash bonuses for abiding by the policy are slightly higher for families with girls Old-age pension increased for couples complying with the policy Jobs and possessions can now be handed down to daughters

India - Wait until the 1st child is 3 before having your 2nd -mandatory sterilization for anyone with 3 children or more large country, huge population, federation system with many different cultural and political variations throughout the country – difficult for federal government to impose its will on the States www.ecoworld.com/waters/indias-population.html

Are there demographic problems here ? What type of population policies might be appropriate ?

Are there demographic problems here ? Annapolis Royal, N.S. Fort McMurray, Alb. What type of population policies might be appropriate ?