Exploring the Southern Hemisphere: Plant Bug Planetary Biodiversity Inventory Field Work in Australia and South Africa presented by Randall T. Schuh Curator.

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Presentation transcript:

Exploring the Southern Hemisphere: Plant Bug Planetary Biodiversity Inventory Field Work in Australia and South Africa presented by Randall T. Schuh Curator and Chair Division of Invertebrate Zoology American Museum of Natural History, New York

Planetary Biodiversity Inventories Funding: US National Science Foundation, 2003 Criteria: Worldwide and monophyletic taxa Duration: 5 years Projects: Eumycetozoa (slime molds): 1000 species Solanum (Solanaceae): 1500 species Miridae (Heteroptera): 5000 species Siluriformes (cat fishes): 2500 species

PBI Participants

7 infraorders 85 families 40,000 species described Heteroptera: True Bugs

Infraorder: Cimicomorpha 1,350 valid genera 10,200 valid species mostly phytophagous high host specificity many myrmecomorphic some aposematic Miridae: Plant Bugs

Status as of recognized tribes 485 described genera 3900 described species ~ 1400 published hosts ~ 90 new genera ~ 1200 new species in collections PBI Target Taxa: Orthotylinae and Phylinae

Exemplar Orthotylinae and Phylinae

Application of taxon focused techniques Maximize discovery of new taxa Extend geographic coverage Maximize host/biological information Maximize specimen quality Maximize specimen numbers Field Work Fundamentals

Collecting Equipment

Host Specificity in the Orthotylinae and Phylinae

Host Collecting

Processing host vouchers, Sept. 2004, Compton Herbarium, Cape Town Vouchers ready for drying

Herbarium Quality Host Specimens

Palearctic Australian Nearctic Neotropical Ethiopian Oriental Species Accumulation in the Orthotylinae and Phylinae

550 described species 25 % of known world fauna >200,000 specimens in collections flora of ~ 9000 seed plant species ~ 500 published hosts North American Orthotylinae and Phylinae

Asteraceae (Ambrosia, Artemisia, etc.) Chenopodiaceae (Atriplex, Sarcobatus, etc.) Fabaceae (Acacia, Prosopis, Psorothamnus, etc.) Fagaceae (Quercus) Pinaceae (Pinus, Abies, etc.) Rhamnaceae (Ceanothus, Rhamnus, Zizyphus) Rosaceae (Cercocarpus, Purshia, Rosa, etc.) Salicaceae (Populus, Salix) Major North American Host Groups

Extreme plant diversity and endemism Unique biotic affinities Limited prior sampling Few publications and described taxa Unstudied by classical & modern authors No local specialists SOUTH AFRICAN FIELD WORK Western Cape as a PBI target area: Namaqualand–Little Karoo–Fynbos

1961 – Carvalho, South African Animal Life 12 described species 0 documented hosts 250 specimens studied 1974 – Schuh, Published Dissertation 100 described species: + 850% 50 documented hosts 2000 specimens studied: + 800% South African Orthotylinae and Phylinae: 1961, 1974

South Africa: 2003, 2004 Localities >120 localities

> 250 species: + 250% > 350 documented hosts: + 700% > 20,000 specimens: % South African Orthotylinae and Phylinae, 2005

South African Museum and Table Mountain, Cape Town

Bed and Breakfast, Vanrhynsdorp

Tradouw Pass, East of Cape Town

Look East, South of Clanwilliam

Vanrhyns Pass, East of Vanrhynsdorp

Looking west from Vanrhyns Pass Summit

Northern Namaqualand, SE of Kamieskroon

Collecting near Kamieskroon, northern Namaqualand

Far Northern Cape, toward Lekkersing: Tom Henry

Far Northern Cape, toward Lekkersing: Denise Wyniger

Cupressaceae: Widdringtonia sp.Widdringtoniola sp.

Solanaceae: Lycium sp.Karoocapsus sp.

Geraniaceae: Pelargonium cucullatumundescribed

Aizoaceae: Lampranthus sp.Eminoculus sp.

Fabaceae: Lebeckia sericeaPseudosthenarus sp.

Asteraceae: Leysera sp. undescribed

High plant diversity and endemicity, especially in west and southwest Limited sampling Few publications and described taxa No local specialists historically Australia as a PBI target area AUSTRALIAN FIELD WORK

180 described species (~ 75 Orthotylinae and Phylinae) 1.8% of known world fauna ~ 500 species in collections 25,000 specimens in collections Flora of ~ 18,000 seed plant species 35 published host records Australian Miridae, 1994

Australia: Localities > 400 localities

210 described species: + 15% (90 Orthotylinae and Phylinae) > 1,500 spp. in collections: + 300% > 100,000 specimens: + 400% (80% Orthotylinae and Phylinae) 1,400 documented hosts: % Australian Miridae: 2002

Long Distances, Few People

Camping in the Bush, Southwestern Australia

Heath lands, near Esperance, Western Australia

Eucalypus forest, Margaret River, Western Australia

Open Acacia woodland, South Australia

Casuarina Woodland, Central Australia

Casuarina Fruits

Acacia with Loranthaceous Parasites, South Australia

Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia

Sand dune, north of Kalbarri Park, Western Australia

Xanthorrhoeaceae: Lomandra sp.Kirkaldyella sp.

Restionaceae: Hypolaena humilisundescribed

Loranthaceae: Amyema sp.Hypseloecus sp.

Proteaceae: Conospermum sp.undescribed

Proteaceae: Grevillea sp.3 undescribed

Proteaceae: Adenanthos cuneatusundescribed

Myrtaceae: Melaleuca sp.undescribed

Chenopodiaceae: Rhagodia sp.undescribed

Casuarinaceae: Casuarina sp.Austromirini sp.

Fabaceae: Acacia sp.Austromiris sp.

Asteraceae: Waitzia acuminata“Wallabicoris” sp.

20% increase in available specimens 20% increase in known species diversity Continental-scale increase in geographic coverage ~ 100% increase in host-documented specimens ~ 1000% increase in host vouchers PBI Accomplishments Changes for World Orthotylinae and Phylinae

Gerry Cassis Sheridan Hewson-Smith Jason Larimer Brenda Massie Ella Massie-Schuh Lorenzo Prendini Michael Schwartz Steve Thurston Christiane Weirauch Denise Wyniger National Science Foundation American Museum of Natural History Australian Museum Acknowledgments