Thinking Geographically Chapter 1

Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically Key Issue 1 Map Scale 3 types of scale: Fractional/Ratio-1/24,000 or 1:24,000 means 1 inch on the map represents 24,000 inches on the ground Written: 1 inch equals one mile Bar - Scale examples Neighborhood maps, world maps, country maps all have different scales The scale is determined by the amount of detail shown in a map Neighborhood maps will have the largest scale, World maps have the smallest scale

Scale Differences: Maps of Florida

Projection Since the earth is a 3D object and a map is a 2D object, maps will have distortions This leads to distortion Shape, distance, relative size, direction Types of projections Robinson, Mercator, Mollweide, Sinusoidal, Goode homolosine, Robinson is best to show size of the oceans Mercator has least distortion in shape and direction. Grossly distorted near poles

How Geographers Address Location GIS- Geographic information system Software program that producing maps that display data Typically maps are multiple layers with different data for each layer. Data is relational (meaning there is a connection to all layers)

How Geographers Address Location Chapter 1 Thinking Geographically How Geographers Address Location Remote sensing- Satellites that record and map the Earth (mostly environmental but helps with monitoring urban sprawl) GPS- Global positioning System. Precise location provided by satellites (navigation) Used after 9/11 to record the debris of the World Trade Centers

Key issue 2 Uniqueness of Places and Regions Place: Unique location of a feature Place names- Lakeland (toponym). Can be named for several reasons Site- physical character like climate, water, soil, vegetation. Situation-location to other places. Singapore is a good example. Mathematical location- GPS coordinates Greenwich, England Latitude and longitude provide location Latitudes are calculated by the sun whereas longitudes are man made East of international dateline-ahead West of international dateline-behind

World Geographic Grid Fig. 1-8: The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridan (0º) passes through Greenwich, England.

World Time Zones Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection.

Calculating Time Zones Every 15 degrees longitude is an hour difference Greenwich mean time (GMT) is 0 degrees (England) New York- 75 degrees WEST India- 75 degrees EAST Australia- 120 degrees EAST California- 120 degrees WEST

Uniqueness of Places and Regions Cultural landscape- regions have distinct characteristics because of social and physical processes and the Earth is shaped by these relationships. Defined by Carl Sauer Combination of things like language, religion, jobs and physical earth qualities Los Angeles is different thank New York City Spatial association There are trends between data and the physical earth Cancer rates are higher in eastern US Regional integration of culture -Care about/care for help explain why places on the Earth are unique Cultural ecology-Culture effects the environment Possibilism versus Environmental determinism How does the environment affect human actions

Types of Regions Formal regions- clearly defined boundaries with a common characteristic through out (uniform region) Common language, climate, laws States, corn belt, voting Used to identify national or global trends Function regions- an area or characteristic organized around a node (nodal regions) New papers, radio stations, tv stations Vernacular regions- an area distinguished by cultural opinions (perceptual region) The South is a good example Everyone has a different idea of what makes up the South therefore the region does not have a defined boundary

Formal and Functional Regions Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions.

Vernacular Regions Fig. 1-12: A number of factors are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.

Physical processes that make places unique Climate- 5 types. People will not live in harsh climates therefore climate influences human activities Vegetation- 4 types. Mostly influences types of agriculture practiced Soil-10 orders (not types). Erosion and depletion Landforms-Geomorphology helps understand the distribution of people and economic activities Mountains aren’t good places to build Wal-marts

Cultural Ecology = Culture + Environment Environmental Determinism Possibilism Humboldt and Ritter The environment determines human activity People live and develop in regions where there is a temperate climate Humans don’t live in hostile areas The Earth determines where humans develop stuff Humans are not limited by the environment We are smart enough to adapt the environment to suit our needs We irrigate deserts into farms Air conditioning allows more development in hot regions

Key Issue 3 Similarity of Different Places Scale: From local to global-local decisions impact global Globalization of economy- people can do business anywhere in the world because of electronic banking. Now economies are more linked than ever Globalization of culture- The internet has been crucial to spreading popular culture. Fashion is a good example of popular culture. You would find blue jeans in Japan, making it seem familiar Connections between places Spatial interaction- Faster travel, technology increases interaction over wide distances The world is shrinking – space time compression Popular culture, religion, music, news, disease all spread faster today than in the past

Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962 Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.

Diffusion- spread of a characteristic Relocation - when something is spread by physical movement Disease popping up in a country Spread of religion or languages Expansion- spread in a snowballing pattern Hierarchical- Spread from a hearth to outward areas Fashion is a great example (Paris, Milan, New York) Contagious- spreads like a disease, no discrimination Think of the wave at a sports stadium Stimulus-  an idea is diffused or transmitted from one culture to another. This idea then is improved upon or has stimulated another idea or invention Samsung stealing some of Apple’s patents for cell phones and improving on the technology