Phenylpropane-rich Volatile Oils Some examples: Cinnamon oil Anise oil Fennel oil Clove oil Nutmeg oil Peru balsam Tolu balsam

Cinnamon oil Obtained from the dried bark of Cinnamonum zeylanicum, Lauraceae by steam distillation ; [Cinnamomum aromaticum (Chinese cinnamon)] Cinnamaledhyde is main constituent (65-75%) Flavouring agent Carminative C.I. 1st trimester (uterine stimulant)

Anise Oil (Anisi aetheroleum) V.O. from anise fruits (Anisi fructus) Pimpinella anisum L., Apiaceae 1-3% v.o. or star anise Illicium verum, Magnoliaceae 2.5-5% v.o. Egypt, Greece, South America & Europe Solidifies @ 15°C (fresh oil) Anethole 80-90% Occurs with its isomer with estragole → Flavouring agent (indigestion) Expectorant in cough mixtures Dianethole (polymerization product [light & O2]) estrogenic properties

Bastard Star Anise Dried ripe fruit of Illicium religiosum = I. anisatum Myristicin, methyleugenol in small amounts V.O. leads to convulsions (sesquiterpenes-induced)

Fruits of Foeniculum vulgare, Apiaceae 2-6% v.o 50-60% anethole 20% fenchone (bicyclic monoterpene) distinction odour from anise oil Flavouring agent Carminative

Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllata) Myrtaceae Dried flower buds “Clove oil” Eugenol 85-95% Dental practice as disinfectant, analgesic & anti-inflammatory The only V.O sold in pharmacy as OTC product for toothache C/I: anticoagulant Collected when bud changing from green to pink

Myristica fragrans, Myristicaceae Dried, ripe seed kernel Indonesia, Malaysia & Sri Lanka v.o., terpenes Hallucinogenic if taken in large quantity 15gm [Prison opium]:reddening of skin, palpitations, decreased salivation Terpenoid and C6-C3 V.O.(Pinenes, Limonene, Terpinenes) Amphetamine

Monoterpene-rich volatile oils Some examples: Peppermint oil Lavender oil Lemon oil Camphor Thyme oil Turpentine oil Rosemary oil

Terpenoid Components of V.O Monoterpenes & sesquiterpenes Monopterpenes: Most monoterpene-rich v.o are flavouring agents Some as rubefacients, sedatives & bitters, insecticides Monoterpenes classified by degree of oxidation (hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phenols & oxides)

Turpentine Oil Oleoresin from Pinus palustris USA, P. pinaster France, Pinaceae wounding tree Solid resin after distillation is known as colophony (70%) Grading depending on Pinus spp Vol. oils: 15-30%; Alpha & Beta-pinenes are major constituents Only rectified turpentine oil is used internally (diuretic, expectorant, anthelmintic) Externally as rubefacient in liniments for rheumatic pain Irritation of the skin causes increased blood circulation through skin giving a feeling of warmth & eases rheumatic pain

Camphor Obtained from the distilled oil of Cinnamomum camphora (Lauraceae) Characteristic odor, pungent aromatic taste Natural camphor is optically active, while synthetic camphor is a racemate; prepared from pinene Used externally as rubefacient; internally as mild antiseptic and carminative (low doses) SE: respiratory stimulant

Volatile oil of Peppermint Fresh leaves of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae)steam distillation Menthol 50% (pleasant taste) Menthofuran (disagreeable odour & taste) young and/or wet leaves Cooling effect (mouth wash & tooth paste) Carminative Menthylacetate

Spearmint Mentha spicata (Lamiaceae) Fresh leaves 1-2 % VO Mainly (-)Carvone 50-70% (-) Limonene 2-25% Aromatherapy Carminative Flavouring Chewing gum industry!

Thymus vulgaris (Medicinal thyme) Origanum vulgare (Oregano; زعتر) Thymol Carvacrol p-cymene Thymol and its isomer carvacrol are bactericidal, antispasmodic, antifungal Thymol: colorless crystals/white crystalline powder; microsublimed

Eucalyptus Oil Steam distillation of Eucalyptus globulus, E. polybractea leaves (Myrtaceae) 70-85% Euclyptol=cineole Australia, Europe & Southern USA V.O. 0ºC ppt Eucalyptol Liquid Solid (Room Temp) (< 0ºC) Lozenges and inhalants to ease discomfort associated with colds Oil induces irritation of mucous membrane Eucalyptol is not irritant to mucous membrane

Matricaria chamomilla =Chamomilla recutica flower head German chamomile (Asteraceae); Chamazulenes Anthemis nobilis Roman chamomile; Nobilin sesquiterpene volatile oils; antispasmodic, antiphlogistic, carminative, diuretic, diaphoretic

Chamomile VO Other sesquiterpenes representing 10-25% of VO