Gene Expression Analysis by SAGE and MPSS Amanda Sitterly

Gene Expression Some challenges: –Large number of genes How do you keep samples and equipment small and affordable? How do you analyze that amount of data? –Need to know sequence of some or all genes

Methods SAGE (Serial Analysis of Gene Expression) –Victor E. Velculescu, Lin Zhang, Bert Vogelstein, Kenneth W. Kinzler –October 1995 MPSS (Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing) –Sydney Brenner, Maria Johnson, John Bridgham, George Golda, David H. Lloyd, Davida Johnson, Shujun Luo, Sarah McCurdy, Michael Foy, Mark Ewan, Rithy Roth, Dave George, Sam Eletr, Glenn Albrecht, Eric Vermaas, Steven R. Williams, Keith Moon, Timothy Burcham, Michael Pallas, Robert B. DuBridge, James Kirchner, Karen Fearon, Jen-i Mao, and Kevin Corcoran –April, 2000

SAGE – introduction SAGE uses short tags of cDNA made from all mRNAs in a cell –The assumption: a tag of only 9 or 10 bases, from a specific position in the mRNA, is enough to identify the transcript These tags are linked together so that they can be cloned in large groups Sequencing identifies genes, and they can be counted to determine relative expression

SAGE – the method The 3’ end of biotinylated, double stranded cDNA adheres to streptavidin beads This and all other pictures of the SAGE method are from

SAGE – the method Anchoring enzyme (AE) usually recognizes a 4-bp site Restriction may occur before binding to beads cDNA is divided in half, and each half is ligated to a different linker (A or B) Linkers have a IIS restriction enzyme site and are complementary to a PCR primer

SAGE – the method Tagging enzyme is a type IIS restriction enzyme Unique in that they cleave at a defined distance away from the site that they recognize Tagging enzyme recognizes site in the linker, and cuts off a short “tag” of cDNA, leaving a blunt end. Two groups of cDNAs are ligated to each other, to create a “ditag” with linkers on either end

SAGE – the method PCR is used to amplify the ditags, using a primer that is complementary to the linker. The cDNA is again digested by the AE, breaking the linker off right where it was added in the beginning. This leaves a “sticky” end with the sequence GTAC (or CATG on the other strand) at each end of the ditag.

SAGE – the method Ditags are ligated together to form long concatemers. Between each ditag is the AE site, allowing the scientist and the computer to recognize where one ends and the next begins. The concatemers are sequenced, and the tags are matched up with the gene that they uniquely represent. By counting the number of times each tag appears, the relative expression levels can be determined.

SAGE – advantages No hybridizing, so no cross- hybridizing can occur Knowledge of genes to be detected can wait until after experiment Can help identify new genes by using tag as a PCR primer

SAGE – disadvantages Cost and time required to perform so many PCR and sequencing reactions Type IIS restriction enzyme can yield fragments of the wrong length depending on temperature. Multiple genes could have the same tag As with microarrays, mRNA levels may not represent protein levels in a cell

MPSS Sequences many sequences using a ligation-based technique DNA is attached to a million microbeads in a flow cell Uses a signature of bases

MPSS An animated explanation of the process is found at: –

MPSS - advantages Creates digital data that is easy to store in databases and compare MPSS signatures are longer, and therefore more unique, than SAGE tags Produces more sequences, allowing genes with lower expression levels to be identified Like SAGE, gene sequences don’t need to be known before experiment

MPSS - disadvantages Expensive Still a relatively new technique, so less information available A lot of time and money are required to perform this experiment on multiple samples