Use this to predict & explain the world Use a blank page in your notes to draw this blank flowchart. Then… Explain what you remember about the scientific method Use this to predict & explain the world

Unit 1: Science of Psychology AP Psychology Unit 1: Science of Psychology Essential Task 1-5: Describe descriptive research studies taking into account random sampling, wording-effect and applicable biases. Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

The Science of Psychology Approaches to Psych Growth of Psych Research Methods Statistics Descriptive Experiment Case Study Survey Naturalistic Observation Inferential Ethics Sampling Central Tendency Variance Correlation Careers We are here

Essential Task 1-5: Hypothesis vs. Theory Outline Hypothesis vs. Theory Describe descriptive research studies Naturalistic Observation Observer Bias Can not replicate or generalize Case Studies Surveys taking into account random sampling, Wording-effect Social Desirability Bias Non-response Bias

Hypothesis Hypothesis is a testable prediction that lets us accept, reject or revise a theory. Ex: If families do not stress gender differences then there will be fewer sex differences in siblings. 5

Theory Theory is an EXPLANATION based on evidence that PREDICTS behaviors or events. A Theory must: 1. Fit the known facts 2. Predict new discoveries 3. Be falsifiable (possibility to prove it to be false) 4. Be simple. The simpler the better – Occam’s Razor The claim "No human lives forever" is not falsifiable since it does not seem possible to prove wrong. In theory, one would have to observe a human living forever to falsify/refute that claim. “All humans live forever” could be falsified If we were to observe that depressed people talk about their past, present, and future in a gloomy manner, we may theorize that low-self-esteem contributes to depression. Occam’s: among competing hypotheses, the one with the fewest assumptions should be selected.  6

CuriosityObservationHypothesisTest/Retest HypothesisTheory Observe and describe the world (descriptive research!) Form a hypothesis from your observations Test your hypothesis. Re-test your hypothesis Then test it gain. If it holds up you have a theory

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1. Observe the physiological reactions to fear Pupils dilate Flushing Breathing increases Heart beat increases Sphincters release All of these shots are taken from the Fear Factory at Niagara falls. Pictures are taken the moment a very scary thing happens much like ride photos on a amusement park ride.

1. Form Hypothesis from your observations If humans have a physiological reaction to a stimulus, they will experience an emotion. (James-Lange Theory of Emotion)

Descriptive Research Purpose – To describe what is in reality Strengths Certain descriptive research methods can be quick You can generalize your findings (apply to more than just those from which you sampled) with some descriptive research methods Weaknesses Can’t help you predict Can’t give you cause and effect

3 Types of Descriptive Research Naturalistic Observation Survey Case Studies

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Descriptive Research DESCRIBES

Naturalistic Observation A descriptive research method involving the systematic study of animal or human behavior in natural settings rather than the laboratory Huh? Researcher describes the behavior of the human or animal in their natural settings

Naturalistic Observation Strengths The behavior is more natural than if they were in the lab Weaknesses Can not replicate. Replication involves the process of repeating a study using the same methods, different subjects, and different experimenters. If you can’t replicate you can’t retest the results or apply them to new situations Can not generalize (apply them to new situations) your findings. Observer bias - occurs when the observers (or researcher team) know the goals of the study or the hypotheses and allow this knowledge to influence their observations during the study

Naturalistic Observations

Case Studies Study of a single individual or just a few individuals in order to describe their situation. Purpose? Take advantage of situation that you can not replicate (make happen again) How? Gather as much evidence as you can: Observation, scores on psychological tests, interviews, medical records etc. Outline

Case Studies Strengths: Weaknesses: Takes advantage of nonreplicable situations You get a lot of in-depth understanding Weaknesses: Observer bias is a problem Can not generalize (apply your findings to other individuals or groups) Can not replicate 19

Two most famous case studies in psychology Genie Phineas Gage

The Lost Children of Rockdale County Case Study of a syphilis epidemic at a high school in an affluent suburb of Atlanta 21

Survey Descriptive research technique in which questionnaires or interviews are administered to a selected group of people. Huh? To describe a large group of people you ask them carefully worded questions.

Survey Mallard Creek High School Strengths You can generate a lot of information for a fairly low cost Overcomes the false consensus effect If you randomly sampled then you can generalize your findings to the population from which you sampled. Vance High School

Survey Weaknesses Wording Effect Social Desirability Effect Wording can change the results of a survey. Should cigarette ads be allowed on television? Should cigarette ads be forbidden on television? Social Desirability Effect If directly asked about a sensitive subject, we may alter our answer to what we think is socially acceptable.

Sampling from a population “The root of the problem is that in real life, all scientists ever observe are samples.  And, in real life, all they want to know about is populations” Nancy Darling, Ph.D. 25

Random Sampling Sampling in which each potential population member has an equal chance of being surveyed. Can’t just pull names from a hat Alphabetical list and pick every 10th name. Outline

But to all of those who were mailed surveys only 4% responded. Non-response Bias Women and Love study done by Shere Hite 1974 98% Dissatisfied by their Marriage 75% Extramarital Affairs But to all of those who were mailed surveys only 4% responded. 27

When randomly sampled 93% of women are satisfied in their marriages Only 7% had affairs 28

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Comparison Research Method Advantages Limitations Naturalistic Observation More accurate than reports after the fact Behavior is more natural Observer can alter behavior Observer Bias Not generalizable Case Studies Depth Takes advantage of circumstances that can not be replicated Time consuming and expensive Observational Bias Surveys Immense amount of data Quick and inexpensive Generalizable Replicable Poor sampling can skew results Wording Effect Social Desirability Bias Comparison 30