Tomislav Skračić, MA Undergraduate English Course for MARINE ENGINEERS 2nd Semester Essential reading: SPINČIĆ, A., An English Textbook For Marine Engineers I., Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2008. LUZER, J., SPINČIĆ, A., Gramatička vježbenica engleskog jezika za pomorce, Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2003.

EXPRESSING THE FUTURE FUTURE actions or situations can be expressed in various ways: THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE THE ‘GOING TO’ FUTURE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT SIMPLE

The Future Tense – USE This is the most common way to express the future action Examples: I don't think I shall spend two days in Amsterdam. The ship will sink if we meet heavy weather. Will you marry me? We can try but it won't be easy.

The Future Tense – FORMATION shall / will + the main verb I shall spend two days in Amsterdam. You will spend two days in Amsterdam. He / She / It will spend two days in Amsterdam. We shall spend two days in Amsterdam. They will spend two days in Amsterdam. NOTE: The short form 'll She'll spend two days in Amsterdam. We'll spend two days in Amsterdam.

The Future Tense – QUESTIONS Questions are formed by reversing the order of the auxiliary and the subject. Examples: The ship will sink if we meet heavy weather. > Will the ship sink if we meet heavy weather? The parties shall consult each other. > Shall the parties consult each other? > When shall the parties consult each other?

The Future Tense – NEGATION Auxiliary verb shall / will + not + main verb Examples: We shall be liable for the damage. > We shall not be liable for the damage. Ante will do it free of charge. > Ante will not do it free of charge. NOTE: The short forms won’t and shan’t. Ante won't do it free of charge. We shan't be liable for the damage.

The Future Tense – NEGATION NOTE: The word NOT can be replaced by any other ‘negative’ word, e.g.: We shall never be liable for the damage. No one will do it free of charge.

‘Going to’ Future – USE When something is bound to happen: Examples: Look at those dark clouds – it 's going to rain! Navigation is closed in that area. We are going to change the present course. When an intention / decision has been made: I am going to sail round the world when I grow up. James has decided that he is going to quit smoking.

‘Going to’ Future – USE The 'Going to' Future will not be used if the decision has been just made (spontaneously): Example: I don't have any money. – Don't worry, I'll lend you some. The 'Going to' Future will not be used if there is any uncertainty about the future action: Examples: I think it will rain. I will sail round the world if I become a seaman. We'll change the present course as soon as we can.

‘Going to’ Future – HOW TO FORM IT am / are / is + going to + the main verb I am going to buy a new house. You are going to buy a new house. He / She / It is going to buy a new house. We are going to buy a new house. They are going to buy a new house.

‘Going to’ Future – QUESTIONS Questions are formed by reversing the order of the auxiliary and the subject. It is going to rain. Is it going to rain? Ivica and Marica are going to send a distress message. Are Ivica and Marica going to send a distress message?

‘Going to’ Future – NEGATION Auxiliary verb AM / IS / ARE + not + main verb It is going to rain. It is not going to rain. Ivica and Marica are going to send a distress message. Ivica and Marica are not going to send a distress message.

EXPRESSING THE FUTURE using The Present Continuous and Present Simple Present Continuous can describe actions in the near future. These events are usually scheduled: E.g. I’m meeting the Master next week. Don’t cry, mum and dad are coming home soon. The ferry is leaving Split tomorrow at 7 a.m. Present Simple can describe scheduled events in the near future. E.g. The ferry leaves Split at 7 a.m. Flight 644 arrives on time.

EXERCISE Put the verbs in brackets into correct future form: He hasn't studied hard. He __________________ (fail) his exams. Can you phone me later? Sure, I __________________ (phone) tonight. I feel a bit hungry. I think __________________ (have) something to eat. According to the weather forecast it _________________ (rain) tomorrow. I expect that he ___________________ (arrive) tonight.

EXERCISE Put the verbs in brackets into correct future form: f) I've decided to re-paint this room. What colour __________________ (you / paint) it? g) We __________________ (go) to the theatre this evening. h) I haven't got any money. Don't worry, I ________________ (lend) you some. i) I think he __________________ (like) the present you bought him. j) We need some bread for lunch. I __________________ (go) to the shop and get some.

Expressing the Future Find more information and exercise at: http://www.e-grammar.org www.perfect-english-grammar.com