MODALS. WHAT IS A MODAL?  Definition: A verb that combines with another verb to indicate mood or tense. A modal (also known as a modal auxiliary) expresses.

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Presentation transcript:

MODALS

WHAT IS A MODAL?  Definition: A verb that combines with another verb to indicate mood or tense. A modal (also known as a modal auxiliary) expresses necessity, uncertainty, ability, or permission.

 Most linguists agree that there are 10 core or central modals in English: can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would. Other verbs-- including need, had better and invariant be--may also function as modals (or semi-modals).

 Unlike other auxiliaries, modals have no - s, -ing, -en, or infinitive forms. (Because ought requires a to-infinitive complement, some linguists regard it as a marginal modal.) The source:

MODAL VERBS  CAN  SHOULD  MUST  OUGHT TO  MIGHT  MAY  COULD  WILL  WOULD  SHALL

WILL  WHEN DO WE USE WILL?  TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE  TO ASK STH POLITELY

SHALL  SHALL (I/WE) – TO MAKE SUGGESTIONS OR TO OFFER STH  Shall we go now?  Shall I open the windows?

IS SHALL USED ONLY FOR I AND WE?  NO!  BUT HOW CAN IT BE USED FOR OTHER SUBJECTS AS WELL?  IN LEGAL ENGLISH, USED AS OBLIGATION: The client shall cover expenditure on film prints, advertising and general distribution costs.

WOULD  It is a modal auxiliary. Used to make verbs......conditional. I would like to talk to you...

 Would acts like the past of _______ in reported speech. WILL

POLITE OFFERS OR REQUESTS  Would you open the door for me?  Would you like to have a cup of coffee?

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES  WHICH TYPE? THE SECOND CONDITIONAL Hypothetical sentences Would you marry me if we bought the house together?

REPEATED ACTIONS IN THE PAST  When I was five, I would eat ice-cream every evening.

MODALS OF ABILITY  We use the modal verb ______ to talk about ability in the present. I can speak five languages.  The ability in the past: _____ When he was ten, he could speak five languages.

 As can or could cannot be used in all tenses we may use _________ which is not a modal verb. Tomorrow I’ll be 18! I will be able to do so many different and new things!

MODALS OF PERMISSION  We use the modal verb ______ to talk about permission or ask for things at present. Can I go now, please? Can you pass me the salt, please?

Can can’t be used in all tenses... so we use ________ and ________ which are not modals. so we use ________ and ________ which are not modals. I am allowed to go to the cinema tonight. It was permitted.