: The World at War : The World at War By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Ms. Elizabeth King By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Ms. Elizabeth King

Causes of the War

1. The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

The Major Players: Nicholas II [Rus] George V [Br] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Allied Powers: Franz Josef [A-H] Wilhelm II [Ger] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Central Powers: Enver Pasha [Turkey]

Europe in 1914

2. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s Increase in Defense Expenditures France10% Britain13% Russia39% Germany73%

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

4. Aggressive Nationalism

The “Spark”

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip Gavrilo Princip

Who’s To Blame?

The Schlieffen Plan

German Atrocities in Belgium

Mobilization It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there! But my heart's right there! It's a long way to Tipperary, It's a long way to go; It's a long way to Tipperary, To the sweetest girl I know! Goodbye, Piccadilly, Farewell, Leicester Square, It's a long, long way to Tipperary, But my heart's right there!  Home by Christmas!  No major war in 50 years!  Nationalism! HHHHome by Christmas! NNNNo major war in 50 years! NNNNationalism!

Recruitment Posters

Recruits of the Central Powers Austro- Hungarians A German Soldier Says Farewell to His Mother

New French Recruits

A German Boy Pretends to Be a Soldier

Women and the War Effort

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

Women at Work

French Women Factory Workers

German Women Factory Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Posters: Wartime Propagand a

Australian Poster

American Poster

Anti-German Sentiment

Financing the War

German Poster

The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

A Multi-Front War

The Western Front

Trench Warfare

“No Man’s Land”

Verdun – February, 1916 e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties. e German offensive. e Each side had 500,000 casualties.

The Somme – July, 1916 e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months. e 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day. e Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

War Is HELL !!

Sacrifices in War

Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

The Eastern Front

The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915

Turkish Cavalry in Palestine

The “Colonial” Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in Africa British Sikh Mountain Gunners Black Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen [German E. Africa]

Fighting in Africa 3 rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Russia’s Exit from WWI  Treaty of Brest Litovsk  Russia surrendered “early” in World War I because of enormous problems at home. – Cost of the war without adequate allied assistance. – Communist Revolution. – Need for political, economic, & social reforms.  This cost Russia a huge indemnity and a great loss of people & territory.

Americ a Joins the Allies

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming! The Yanks Are Coming!

Americans in the Trenches

The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

French Renault Tank

British Tank at Ypres

U-Boats

Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats

The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

French Fighter Plane

The Flying Aces of World War I Eddie Rickenbacher, US Francesco Barraco, It. Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr. Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “Red Baron”] Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg. Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.

Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

Looking for the “Red Baron?”

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

Comparison of the Central and Allied Powers Advantages of the Central Powers  Central location facilitated coordination of resources.  Superior military technology: – Submarines; – Weapons; & – Airplanes. Advantages of the Allied Powers  More men  More resources  Superior naval power

“Art” of World War I

“A Street in Arras” John Singer Sargent, 1918

“Oppy Wood” – John Nash, 1917

“Those Who Have Lost Their Names” Albin Eggar-Linz, 1914

“Gassed and Wounded” Eric Kennington, 1918

“Paths of Glory” C. R. W. Nevinson, 1917

German Cartoon: “Fit for active service!”, 1918

1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died

11 a.m., November 11, 1918

9,000,000 Dead 9,000,000 Dead

The Somme American Cemetary, France 116,516 Americans Died

World War I Casualties

Treaty of Versailles The “Big Four” meet to decide the fate of Europe. David Lloyd George of England Vittorio Orlando of Italy Georges Clemenceau of France Woodrow Wilson of the United States

Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points  Woodrow Wilson proposed a peace treaty with 14 main ideas – No secret alliances – Reduction of armaments – Readjustment of countries’ borders – League of Nations to assure mutual protection

The blame and the bill  Georges Clemenceau wanted Germany to be destroyed and weakened  Reparations: payment for damages from the war- $33 billion!  War Guilt Clause: Germany had to assume guilt for World War I

Versailles Treaty is signed in the hall of mirrors

Results  What were the political, economic, and social effects of the Versailles Treaty on Germany?  What steps could (and should) have been taken to prevent World War Two?  Do you agree with how the war was ended?