化工應用數學 授課教師： 郭修伯 Lecture 8 Solution of Partial Differentiation Equations

Solution of P.D.E.s –To determine a particular relation between u, x, and y, expressed as u = f (x, y), that satisfies the basic differential equation some particular conditions specified –If each of the functions v 1, v 2, …, v n, … is a solution of a linear, homogeneous P.D.E., then the function is also a solution, provided that the infinite series converges and the dependent variable u occurs once and once only in each term of the P.D.E.

Method of solution of P.D.E.s No general formalized analytical procedure for the solution of an arbitrary partial differential equation is known. The solution of a P.D.E. is essentially a guessing game. The object of this game is to guess a form of the specialized solution which will reduce the P.D.E. to one or more total differential equations. Linear, homogeneous P.D.E.s with constant coefficients are generally easier to deal with.

Example, Heat transfer in a flowing fluid An infinitely wide flat plate is maintained at a constant temperature T 0. The plate is immersed in an infinately wide the thick stream of constant-density fluid originally at temperature T 1. If the origin of coordinates is taken at the leading edge of the plate, a rough approximation to the true velocity distribution is: Turbulent heat transfer is assumed negeligible, and molecular transport of heat is assumed important only in the y direction. The thermal conductivity of the fluid, k is assumed to be constant. It is desired to determine the temperature distribution within the fluid and the heat transfer coefficient between the fluid and the plate. B.C. T = T 1 at x = 0, y > 0 T = T 1 at x > 0, y =  T = T 0 at x > 0, y = 0 T0T0 x y T1T1 T1T1 dx dy

Input - output = accumulation const. properties T = T 1 at x = 0, y > 0 T = T 1 at x > 0, y =  T = T 0 at x > 0, y = 0 Heat balance on a volume element of length dx and height dy situated in the fluid : Input energy rate: Output energy rate:  = 0 at x = 0, y > 0  = 0 at x > 0, y =   = 1 at x > 0, y = 0

B.C.  = 0 at x = 0, y > 0  = 0 at x > 0, y =   = 1 at x > 0, y = 0 Assume: Compounding the independent variables into one variable  = 0 at  =   = 1 at  = 0 Replace y and x in the P.D.E by 

In order to eliminate x and y, we choose n = 1/3  = 0 at  =   = 1 at  = 0

Local heat transfer coefficient  = 0 aty = 0

Separation of variables: often used to determine the solution of a linear P.D.E. Suppose that a slab (depending indefinately in the y and z directions) at an initial temperature T 1 has its two faces suddenly cooled to T 0. What is the relation between temeprature, time after quenching, and position within the slab? 2R2R x dx Since the solid extends indefinately in the y and z direction, heat flows only in the x direction. The heat-conduction equation: Boundary condition:

Dimensionless: Assume: Separation of variables independent of tindependent of x

when  0 when = 0 A 0, B 0, A, B, and have to be chosen to satisfy the boundary conditions. Superposition: n is an integer

The constant has to be determined. But no single value can satisfy the B.C. B.C. More general format of the solution (by superposition): Orthogonality property

The representation of a function by means of an infinite series of sine functions is known as a “Fourier sine series”. More about the “Orthogonal Functions” Two functions  m (x) and  n (x) are said to be “orthogonal” with respect to the weighting function r(x) over interval a, b if:

and are orthogonal with respect to the weight function (i.e., unity) over the interval 0, 2R when m  n. Each term is zero except when m = n. Back to our question, we had two O.D.E.s and the solutions are : where shows! These values of are called the “eigenvalues” of the equation, and the correponsing solutions, are called the “eigenfunctions”.

Sturm-Liouville Theory A typical Sturm-Liouville problem involves a differential equation defined on an interval together with conditions the solution and/or its derivative is to satisfy at the endpoints of the interval. The Strum-Liouville differential equation: In Strum-Liouville form: eigenvalue

The regular problem on [a,b] The periodic problem on [a,b] The singular problem on [a,b] A Strum-Liouville differential equation with boundary conditions at each end point x = a and x = b which satisfy one of the following forms: has solutions, the eigenfunctions  m (x) and  n (x) which are orthogonal provided that the eigenvalues, m and n are different.

If the eigenfunctions,  (x) result from a Strum-Liouville differential equation and nemce be orthogonal. The formal expansion of a general solution f(x) can be written in the form: The value of A n can be obtained by making use of the orthogonal properties of the functions  (x) Each term is zero except when m = n.  0,  1,  2 …… are eigenfunctions

Steady-state heat transfer with axial symmetry Assume: Dividing by fg and separate variables

set Legendre’s equation of order l Solved by the method of Frobenius set

比較係數 and where P l (m) is the “Legendre polynomial”

superposition

Unsteady-state heat transfer to a sphere A sphere, initially at a uniform temperature T 0 is suddenly placed in a fluid medium whose temperature is maintained constant at a value T 1. The heat-transfer coefficient between the medium and the sphere is constant at a value h. The sphere is isotropic, and the temperature variation of the physical properties of the material forming the sphere may be neglected. Derive the equation relating the temperature of the sphere to the radius r and time t. independent of  and  Boundary condition:

Assume: Bessel’s equation see next slide... if  0 if = 0

Bessel’s equation of order –occurs in studies of radiation of energy and in other contexts, particularly those in cylindrical coordinates –Solutions of Bessel’s equation when 2 is not an integer when 2 is an integer –when = n if  0 if = 0

B.C. B = C = 0 D = T 1

B.C.

More general format of the solution (by superposition): or

If the constants A n can be determined by making use of the properties of orthogonal function? solution of the form orthogonal

where and

Equations involving three independent variables The steady-state flow of heat in a cylinder is governed by Laplace’s equation in cylindrical polar coordinates: There are three independent variables r, , z. Assume: Separation of variables OK, Two independent variable P.D.E.

Assume: Separation of variables OK, Bessel’s equation The solution of the Bessel’s equation:

In the study of flow distribution in a packed column, the liquid tends to aggregate at the walls. If the column is a cylinder of radius b m and the feed to the column is distributed within a central core of radius a m with velocity U 0 m/s, determine the fractional amount of liquid on the walls as a function of distance from the inlet in terms of the parameters of the system. z U0U0 a b r U horizontal component of fluid velocity Material balance: Input: Output:

B.C. at z = 0, if r < a, U = U 0 at z = 0, if r > a, U = 0 at r = 0, U = finite at r = b, Assume: Bessel’s equation The solution of the Bessel’s equation: if   0 if  = 0

General form:

The Laplace Transform It is defined of an improper integral and can be used to transform certain initial value problems into algebra problems. Laplace Transform table!

The Laplace transform method for P.D.E. The Laplace transform can remove the derivatives from an O.D.E. The same technique can be used to remove all derivatives w.r.t. one independent variable from a P.D.E. provided that it has an open range. A P.D.E has two independent variables can use “the Laplace transform method” to remove one of them and yields an O.D.E.. The boundary conditions which are not used to transform the equation must themselves be transformed.

For unsteady-state one-dimensional heat conduction: and Laplace transform Second order linear O.D.E. x and t are independent variables x dx Boundary condition: The initial condition can use the Laplace transform method s regards as constant

The boundary condition: Laplace transform and when x  , T remains finite  remains finite  B = 0 B.C. inverse transform

For unsteady-state one-dimensional heat conduction: and Laplace transform Second order linear O.D.E. x dx Boundary condition: s regards as constant the heat is concentrated at the surface initially x and t are independent variables

The boundary condition: Laplace transform x and t are independent variables inverse transform

For unsteady-state one-dimensional heat conduction: and Laplace transform Second order linear O.D.E. x dx Boundary condition: s regards as constant the heat is supplied at a fixed rate x and t are independent variables

The boundary condition: Laplace transform inverse transform x and t are independent variables

Heat conduction between parallel planes Consider the flow of heat between parallel planes maintained at different temperatures: T0T0 T1T1 x Boundary condition: The initial condition can use the Laplace transform method and Laplace transform Second order linear O.D.E. x and t are independent variables s regards as constant

The boundary condition: Laplace transform inverse transform

Symmetrical heat conduction between parallel planes Consider a wall of thickness 2L with a uniform initial temperature throughout, and let both faces be suddenly raised to the same higher temperature. Boundary condition: The initial condition can use the Laplace transform method and Laplace transform Second order linear O.D.E. x and t are independent variables s regards as constant x

The boundary condition: Laplace transform inverse transform

Example An extensive shallow oilfield is to be exploited by removing product at a constant rate from one well. How will the pressure distribution in the formation vary with time? Taking a radial coordinate r measured from the base of the well system, it is known that the pressure (p) follows the normal diffusion equation in the r direction: where  is the hydraulic diffusivity If the oil is removed at a constant rate q: where k is the permeability; h is the thickness of the formation; and  is the coefficient of viscosity and r and t are independent variables Laplace Transform Second O.D.E

Modified Bessel’s equation The boundary condition: Laplace transform

inverse transform

The restriction on the use of Laplace transform to solve P.D.E. problems The problem must be of initial value type. Th dependent variable and its derivative remain finite as the transformed variable tends to infinity The Laplace transform should be tried whenever a variable has an open range and the method of separation should be used in all other cases. There are many P.D.E.s which cannot be solved by either method, and the numerical methods are recommended.

The Laplace Transform A particular “operational method” of solving differential equations. An O.D.E. is converted into an equivalent algebraic form which can be solved by the laws of elementary algebra. If f(t) is a continuous function of an independent variable t for all values of t greater than zero, then the integral with respect to t of the product of f(t) with e -st between the limits 0 and  is defined as the Laplace transform of f(t). The parameter s must be large enough to make the integral convergent at the upper limit and t must be positive.

Only valid for continuous functions Usually given as boundary conditions The shifting theorem

(1) Boundary conditions are introduced into the problem before solution of the equation. (2) The differential equation is reduced to an algebraic equation in terms of the operator s. Note: The operation described is only applicable to “initial value” problems. (i.e., the value of the function and its derivatives must be known when the independent variable is zero) Advantages about Laplace Transform:

The inverse transformation It must be convenient to convert the transform back to a function of the independent variable: Using partial fraction Laplace transform table

Example: Solve, where y(0) = y’(0) = 1 Laplace Transform B.C. Inverse Laplace Transform

Properties of the Laplace transform Differentiation of the transform Integral of a function