Chapter 2: Section1 What Are Minerals? Minerals – a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition Minerals – a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition

What 5 Characteristics Does a Mineral Have to Have? A mineral must be: Naturally Occurring Naturally Occurring Inorganic Inorganic Solid Solid Crystal Structure Crystal Structure Definite Chemical Composition Definite Chemical Composition

What Does It Mean to Be Naturally Occurring? A mineral must occur naturally A mineral must occur naturally Cement, brick, steel, and glass all come from substances found in Earth’s crust but they are manufactured by people Cement, brick, steel, and glass all come from substances found in Earth’s crust but they are manufactured by people

How Can Something Be Inorganic? Inorganic – the mineral cannot arise from materials that were once part of a living thing Inorganic – the mineral cannot arise from materials that were once part of a living thing Ex. Coal is NOT a mineral because it is made up the remains of plants and animals Ex. Coal is NOT a mineral because it is made up the remains of plants and animals

What kind of pattern must a mineral have? A mineral must have a crystal structure – a repeating pattern of a mineral’s particles that forms a solid. A mineral must have a crystal structure – a repeating pattern of a mineral’s particles that forms a solid. Faces – a crystal’s flat side that meets at sharp edges and corners Faces – a crystal’s flat side that meets at sharp edges and corners

What kind of composition must a mineral have? A mineral must have a definite chemical composition – it always contains certain elements in definite proportions; most minerals are compounds A mineral must have a definite chemical composition – it always contains certain elements in definite proportions; most minerals are compounds Cinnabar – composed of the elements Mercury and Sulfur

What Is the Difference Between an Element and a Compound? Element – a substance composed of a single kind of atom. Ex. Hydrogen Element – a substance composed of a single kind of atom. Ex. Hydrogen Compound – Two or more elements combined so that the elements no longer have distinct properties Ex. Water H 2 0 Compound – Two or more elements combined so that the elements no longer have distinct properties Ex. Water H 2 0

How Do You Identify Minerals? Properties: Properties: Density Density Crystal Shape Crystal Shape Cleavage and Fracture Cleavage and Fracture Special Properties Special Properties Hardness Color (this can vary) Streak Luster

How Do You Determine a Mineral’s Hardness? Friedrich Mohs invented a test to describe and compare the hardness of minerals Friedrich Mohs invented a test to describe and compare the hardness of minerals Mohs Hardness Scale Mohs Hardness Scale Ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest Ranks ten minerals from softest to hardest

How Does the Mohs Scale Work? Gypsum (2) will scratch talc (1), calcite (3) will scratch gypsum (2), fluorite (4) will scratch calcite (3), etc. Gypsum (2) will scratch talc (1), calcite (3) will scratch gypsum (2), fluorite (4) will scratch calcite (3), etc.

What Is a Streak Test? The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder The streak of a mineral is the color of its powder The streak color and the mineral color are often different The streak color and the mineral color are often different To test: rub a mineral against an unglazed tile (streak plate) To test: rub a mineral against an unglazed tile (streak plate)

What is the Luster of a mineral? Luster – used to describe how a mineral reflects light from its surface Luster – used to describe how a mineral reflects light from its surface Minerals containing metals are often shiny Minerals containing metals are often shiny Earthy, waxy, and pearly Earthy, waxy, and pearly

What does Density have to do with Minerals? Each mineral has a characteristic Density Each mineral has a characteristic Density Density – or mass per unit volume; Density = mass/volume Density – or mass per unit volume; Density = mass/volume Displacement – the volume of the displaced water equals the volume of the the sample Displacement – the volume of the displaced water equals the volume of the the sample

What Kind of Shape does a Mineral have? Minerals have a crystal structure Minerals have a crystal structure Cubic Cubic Hexagonal Hexagonal Tetragonal Tetragonal Orthorhombic Orthorhombic Monoclinic Monoclinic Triclinic Triclinic

What is Mineral Cleavage? Cleavage – A mineral’s ability to split easily along a flat surface Cleavage – A mineral’s ability to split easily along a flat surface The ability to break apart depends on the arrangement of the atoms in the mineral The ability to break apart depends on the arrangement of the atoms in the mineral Cubic CleavageBasal Cleavage

What is Mineral Fracture? Fracture – How a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way Fracture – How a mineral looks when it breaks apart in an irregular way

What Special Properties does a Mineral have? Fluorescence –minerals that glow under ultraviolet light Fluorescence –minerals that glow under ultraviolet light Magnetism - ex. Loadstone Magnetism - ex. Loadstone Chemical Reactivity- ex. Calcite gives off carbon dioxide Chemical Reactivity- ex. Calcite gives off carbon dioxide Electrical Properties – ex. quartz Electrical Properties – ex. quartz

Section2: How are Minerals Formed? Two General Ways: Crystallization of melted materials Minerals from Magma Crystallization of materials dissolved in water Minerals from Hot water solutions Minerals formed by evaporation

What is Crystallization? Crystallization Crystallization the process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure the process by which atoms are arranged to form a material with a crystal structure

How do Minerals form from Magma? Minerals form as magma cools inside the crust, or as lava hardens on the surface Minerals form as magma cools inside the crust, or as lava hardens on the surface

What Effects Crystal Size?  Rate at which magma cools  Slower cooling forms larger crystals  The amount of gas the magma contains  The chemical composition of the magma

How do Minerals Form from Hot Water Solutions? Magma beneath Earth’s surface has heated the water to a high temperature beneath Earth’s surface causing minerals to dissolve Magma beneath Earth’s surface has heated the water to a high temperature beneath Earth’s surface causing minerals to dissolve When this solution cools the elements and compounds leave the solution and crystallize as minerals When this solution cools the elements and compounds leave the solution and crystallize as minerals

What do Pure Metals often form from Hot Water Solutions? Veins – A narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is much different from the surrounding rock Veins – A narrow channel or slab of a mineral that is much different from the surrounding rock

How are Minerals Formed by Evaporation? As water turns to vapor it leaves behind the mineral As water turns to vapor it leaves behind the mineral Example: A salt water solution leaves behind large crystals of salt Example: A salt water solution leaves behind large crystals of salt

Where are Minerals Found? Earth’s crust is made up of a variety of minerals however; rare and less common minerals are usually located near plate boundaries because of volcanic activity and mountain building

Section 3: How are Minerals Used? Minerals are the source of Minerals are the source of Metals ex. Aluminum, Iron Metals ex. Aluminum, Iron Gemstones ex. Rubies and Sapphires Gemstones ex. Rubies and Sapphires Other Useful materials ex. Talc (talcum powder) Other Useful materials ex. Talc (talcum powder)

Ore What? Ore - A rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral Ore - A rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral Most metals, gemstones, and useful minerals must be separated from their ores Most metals, gemstones, and useful minerals must be separated from their ores

What are the 3 Types of Mines? Strip Mines – Giant equipment is used to scrape away soil Strip Mines – Giant equipment is used to scrape away soil Open Pit Mines – Miners dig a tremendous pit Open Pit Mines – Miners dig a tremendous pit Shaft Mines – A network of tunnels that extend deep underground Shaft Mines – A network of tunnels that extend deep underground