Prepared by: Ms. Siddhi Hegde Pawar Public School Kandivali

Atmosp here Hydro sphere Lithos phere

Derived from Greek word for stone – litho. Solid outer part of earth. Thin cover of soil. Helps the plants to grow. 29% of earth’s surface. 7 huge masses – 7 continents. The edges of the continents and the ocean floors together form the lithosphere.

The earth’s interior is based on density of materials and behaviour of seismic waves. The crust forms only 1 % of the volume of the earth, 84 % consists of mantle and 15 % makes up the core.

Outermost and thinnest layer. Thickness varies. Two types – continental crust and oceanic crust. SIMA SIMA

Cross section of the Earth

Rocks Minerals

Types of rocks IgneousIntrusive Extrusiv e Sedimen tary Metamor phic

Atmosphere Derived from Greek word for air – atmo.

Vertical change in average global atmospheric temperature. Variations in the way temperature changes with height indicates the atmosphere is composed of a number of different layers (labeled above). These variations are due to changes in the chemical and physical characteristics of the atmosphere with altitude.

Most of our planet's weather occurs in the troposphere. This image shows a view of this layer from an airplane's window (Photo © 2004 Edward Tsang).

Hydrosphere Derived from Greek word for water – hydro.

The second factor controlling tides on the Earth's surface is the Sun's gravity. The height of the average solar tide is about 50% the average lunar tide. At certain times during the moon's revolution around the Earth, the direction of its gravitational attraction is aligned with the Sun's (Figure 8r-2). During these times the two tide producing bodies act together to create the highest and lowest tides of the year. These spring tides occur every days during full and new moons.

Forces involved in the formation of a spring tide

When the gravitational pull of the moon and Sun are at right angles to each other, the daily tidal variations on the Earth are at their least (Figure 8r-3). These events are called neap tides and they occur during the first and last quarter of the moon.

Forces involved in the formation of a neap tide.

The following illustration describes the flow pattern of the major subsurface ocean currents. Near surface warm currents are drawn in red. Blue depicts the deep cold currents. Note how this system is continuously moving water from the surface to deep within the oceans and back to the top of the ocean. (Source: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment -ACIA).

Hydrologic Cycle.

Biosphere Derived from.Greek word for life – Bio.