CLASSIFICATION Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Scientific name is genus and species name. Organisms in same genus are closely related

FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION Moneran Bacteria Prokaryotic No nucleus Have cell wall Unicellular Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Protist Protozoans, algae Eukaryotic Have nucleus Some have cell wall Mainly unicellular Fungi Mushroom, yeast Mainly multicellular heterotrophic Plant Moss, fern, trees, flowers All multicellular autotrophic Animal Sponge, annelids, amphibians, birds, mammals No cell wall

Dichotomous key Always begin with #1 Follow directions using choices given What shape is “Gina”? Equilateral triangle

Types of Plants Bryophytes Gymnosperms Angiosperms Non-vascular No xylem or phloem Examples are mosses They are small Have to be near water No pollen, seeds, flowers, or fruits Gymnosperms Vascular Xylem to move water Phloem to move food Examples are conifers Have pollen (sperm) Have seeds on cones No fruits or flowers Angiosperms Examples are flowering plants like oak trees, corn, and roses Have seeds in fruits Have flowers

PLANT ADAPTATIONS Root, stem, Leaf Flowers and Fruits Roots are adapted to absorb water with root hairs Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by being flat and green Stems move water with xylem Flowers have bright petals to attract pollinators Pollen (Sperm) can be transferred by animals When egg joins with pollen, a seed is formed in the ovary The ovary becomes the fruit Fruit surrounds and protects seed Fruit also helps get baby plants in seeds away from parent plant

TYPES OF ANIMALS Annelids Insects Amphibians Mammals Segmented worms No backbone “breathe” through skin Closed circulatory system External fertilization External development Insects No backbome Three body segments Six legs Wings Open circulatory system Females may store sperm metamorphosis Amphibians Have backbone Moist skin Gills when young, lungs when adult Three chambered heart Cold-blooded Metamorphosils Jelly like egg Mammals Backbone Hair Milk glands Lungs Four chambered heart Warm-blooded Internal fertilization Internal development Amniote egg

Disease causing viruses VIRUS STRUCTURE Viral reproduction A virus is not made of cells It is nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by protein coat (Capsid) Virus can’t reproduce unless it is inside a living cell The virus uses the cells enzymes and ribosomes to make DNA and protein New viruses either bud off of the cell or the cell bursts, releasing lots of viruses

BACTERIA vs VIRUSES Bacteria Virus Made of cells Can be killed by antibiotics Examples of disease caused by bacteria is strep throat Not made of cells MUCH SMALLER THAN CELLS Can’t be killed by antibiotics Example of diseases caused by viruses are AIDS (HIV), Smallpox, Influenza

Internal and external factors in disease Malaria Mosquitoes transmit malaria Individuals who have the sickle cell trait (heterozygous) aren’t as affected as homozygous individuals PKU Individuals who have PKU can’t break down phenylalanine If it builds up it can cause mental retardation Keep individuals with PKU on a diet, they don’t have brain damage Lung Cancer Lung cancer is uncontrolled growth of cells in the lungs Individuals who smoke are more likely to get lung cancer Diabetes Diabetes results from when the pancreas fails to make enough insulin Individuals who are overweight and who don’t exercise seem to be more affected Skin Cancer Light skinned people don’t have the natural melanin protection of darker skinned people Overexposure to sunlight can trigger the changes that lead to skin cancer

IMMUNITY B-cells White blood cell Make antibodies T- helper cells Help coordinate immune response T-killer cells Kill virus infected cell

PASSIVE vs. ACTIVE immunity Passive immunity ACTIVE IMMUNITY Person does NOT make memory cells or antibodies Antibodies only are transferred Doesn’t provide long-term protection Natural: from breastfeeding Artificial: Rabies “shot” Person DOES make antibodies AND memory cells Provides long term immunity Natural: you have disease Artificial – you get a VACCINATION