Dada and Surrealism

Dada Duchamp Arp Dada means Hobby Horse and was located in Zurich, Cologne, Berlin, Paris, and New York from 1916-1925 Disillusioned by the useless slaughter of WW1, they rejected conventional methods of representation and exhibition. Accepted Ready-mades as an art form and often did their work on glass. They challenged the relationship between words and images, often incorporating words prominently in their work. Dada accepts the dominance of the artistic concept over the execution.

Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 Artist: Marcel Duchamp Date: 1912 Medium: Oil on Canvas Location: Philadelphia Museum of Art, Pennsylvania The Scees de Scandale of the Armory Show A cubist/or Futurist painting depicting an assumed nude going down a flight of stairs Influenced by motion pictures, multiple exposure photography Limited color range.

Fountain Artist: Marcel Duchamp Date: 1917 Medium: “Ready-Made” Location: New York Ready-made sculpture, actually a found object that Duchamp deemed to be a work of art. Entered in an unjuried show, but the work was refused. Signed by the “artist” R. Mutt, a pun on the Mutt and Jeff comic strip and Mott Iron Works Title Fountain a pun; fountains spout liquid, a urinal is meant to collect it.

Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance Artist: Jean (Hans) Arp Date: 1916-1917 Medium: Torn and pasted paper Location: Museum of Modern Art, New York A act in randomness The paper was torn and dropped. The pieces were then glued where they landed. The idea of chance is removed because the papers don’t overlap and are nearly arranged in a grid like pattern

Man Ray Paul Klee Salvador Dali Joan Miro Rene Margritte Surrealism Man Ray Paul Klee Salvador Dali Joan Miro Rene Margritte Inspired by the psychological studies of Freud and Jung Represented an unseen world of dreams, subconscious thoughts, and unspoken communication. Started with the theories of Andre Brenton in 1924. The movement went in two directions; abstract tradition of biomorphic forms and the veristic tradition of using reality-based subjects put together in unusual ways. It is meant to puzzle, challenge, and fascinate; its sources are in mysticism, psychology, and the symbolic.

Le Violon d’Ingres Artist: Man Ray Date: 1924 Medium: Photograph reworked with Pencil and Ink Location: Musee National d’Art Moderne, Paris Showed the Surrealist desire for playfulness. Le Violon d’Ingres means basically hobby, but Ingres had the hobby of paying Violin, which is shown the back of the nude. The hair dressing of the nude reminds us of Ingres’ designs.

“When the Automobile arrived there were those what declared the horse to be the most perfect form of locomotion. All these attitudes result from a fear that the one will replace the other. Nothing of the kind has happened, we have simply increased our vocabulary. I see no one trying to abolish the automobile because we have the airplane.” - Man Ray, on photography as art

Persistence of Memory Artist: Salvador Dali Date: 1931 Medium: Oil on Canvas Location: Museum of Modern Art, New York Huge empty spaces suggested by vast landscape Drooping watches all tell different times Only life is the fly on the watch and the ants on the closed watch fob Hallucinatory Barren and uninhabited landscape Bonelike hand seems to caricature Dali’s face Visual ironies; tree grows from a firm block, clock hangs from a dead tree branch.

Spanish Dancer Artist: Joan Miro Date: 1945 Medium: Oil on Canvas Location: Foundation Beyeler, Riehen/Basel Switzerland Used simple forms Built compositions first with random washes ad then added substance to the shape the forms inspired. Amoeba-like shapes Spontaneous, mysterious, serene Color harmonies are softly modeled.

Time Transfixed Artist: Rene Magritte Date: 1938 Medium: Oil on Canvas Location:Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago - Realistic images that seem unreal with their juxtaposition of objects and location.

I and the Village Artist: Marc Chagall Date: 1911 Medium: Oil on Canvas Location: Museum of Modern Art, New York Not truly a member of the Surrealist movement, although is another artist who is difficult to classify Chagall represented images from his childhood in Russia Bright colors and cubist type arrangements influenced his designs Like Fauvists he has a disregard for realistic color, and like cubism because of the fractured space.

Max Ernst Giacometti Henry Moore Alexander Calder Surrealist Sculpture Max Ernst Giacometti Henry Moore Alexander Calder

Object Artist: Meret Oppenheim Date: 1936 Medium: fur covered cup Location: Museum of Modern Art, New York Said to have been donein response to Picasso’s claim that anything looks good in fur Combination of unlike objects; fur-covered teacup, saucer, and spoon Exotic overtones.

Large Standing Woman III Artist: Alberto Giacometti Date: 1960 Medium: Bronze Location: New York Elongated and thinned forms Their absence of space is what makes them such a strong element.

Reclining Figure Artist: Henry Moore Date: 1939 Medium: Elmwood Location: Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit Moore did many on this theme Simplified forms with great areas of negative space Negative space emphasized Biomorphic forms Influenced by ancient Mayan chacmool figures.

125 Artist: Alexander Calder Date: 1957 Medium: Painted Sheet Metal and Steel Wire Location: John F. Kennedy International Airport, New York Part of his series of mobiles, Kinetic sculptures Later works were known as stables and where not-kinetic. Suspended from the ceiling.

Regionalism and Social Realism United States Wood Jacob Lawrence Edward Hopper James VanDerZee Dorthea Lange

American Gothic Artist: Grant Wood Date: 1930 Medium: Oil on Beaverhead Location: Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago Grant Wood considered a regionalis painter, emphasizing Midwestern subjects in Rural Iowa Artist’s sisters and his dentist posed in conventional Midwestern costumes before a carpenter Gothic house; meant to represent a father and a daughter Long oval heads; narrow chins; sloping shoulders Seem to have an expression of disapproval or hostility Pitchfork reflected in farmers shirt Artist resisted interpreting the painting; some see it as an expression of American hardihood; others as a satire.

Harriet Tubman Series, No. 7 Artist: Jacob Lawrence Date: 1939-1940 Medium: Casein Tempera on Hardboard Location: Hampton University, Hampton, Virginia Overall color unity in the series unites each painting Forms hover in large spaces Flat simple shapes Unmodulated colors Part of A series

Night Hawks Artist: Edward Hopper Date:1942 Medium: Oil on Canvas Location:The Art Institute of Chicago, Chicago Simple, quiet composition, but one that denotes tension City locations that seem empty and deserted; loneliness of modern life We see through a huge plate glass window of a luncheonette with no exterior door Three customers have no interaction, one counterman seems to listen to unspoken words Clarity of forms

Migrant Mother, Nipomo Valley Artist: Dorthea Lange Date: 1935 Medium: Gelatin Silver Print Location: Oakland Museum of California Photographed migrant workers in a deserted pea-pickers camp in California Children turn away, framing their mothers face Mother is a symbol of despair and anxiety, yet has strength and determination. Poverty expressed in the rags the infant is wrapped in Documentary photography.

Thunderstorm, Yosemite Valley Artist: Ansel Adams Date: 1945 Medium: Gelatin Silver Adams attempted to capture the natural beauty of nation monuments. Like Lang was hired to document America

Regionalism and Social Reform Mexico Diego Rivera Frida Kahlo

Ancient Mexico Artist: Diego Rivera Date: 1929-1935 Medium: Fresco Location: National Palace, Mexico City Glorified the working class – Connections to Rivera’s Socialist beliefs. History of Mexico, this mural was representing the history of Mayans and Aztecs Bright colors were typical of Mexican culture and art. Influenced by Cubism in the flattened and multidimensional forms. Married to Frida Kahlo.

The Two Fridas Artist: Frida Kahlo Date:1939 Medium: Oil on Canvas Location: Collection of the Museo de Arte Moderno, Mexico City Juxtaposition of two self-portraits Left; Kahlo dressed as a Spanish lady in white lace Right; Kahlo dressed as a Mexican peasant – the stiffness and provincial quality of Mexican folk art serves as a direct inspiration for the artist Her two hearts are intertwined together by veins that are cut by scissors at one end and lead to a portrait of her husband, artist Rivera, at the other; painted at the time of their divorce Barren landscape, two figures sit against a wildly active sky Kahlo rejected the label of surrealism to her artwork.

Alred Stieglitz Georgia O’Keefe American Abstraction Alred Stieglitz Georgia O’Keefe

Equivalent Artist: Alfred Stieglitz Date: 1923 Medium: Chloride Print Location: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art One the main figures in the Abstract Art community. This was from a series of works done on the movement of clouds which ultimately created an abstract arrangement of line, and darks and light.

Cow’s Skull with Calico Roses Artist: Georgia O’Keefe Date: 1931 Medium: Oil on Canvas Location: Art Institute of Chicago O’Keefe was another strong American Abstract Artist. Was very influenced by the imagery of the southwest desert. She married Steiglitz and worked in an artist community.