Intro songs Gonna fly now eye of the tiger av3e the final countdown av3e

The 5 Big Ideas Structure and Function Transfer of Information Transfer of Energy Systems Evolution Ecosystems Endocrinology Viral EvolutionEvolution Photosynthesis Metabolism Cell Cycle Animal Behavior Molecular Structure Organ Structure

The 5 Big Ideas Structure and Function Transfer of Information Transfer of Energy Systems Evolution Ecosystems Endocrinology Viral EvolutionEvolution Photosynthesis Metabolism Cell Cycle Animal Behavior Molecular Structure Organ Structure

Food is Fuel! Energy Transfer & Metabolism Katie Mouzakis & Dr. Gary Diffee

Learning Outcomes 1)You will be able to explain why a cell would need ATP 2)You will be able to explain how energy is stored for future use (short term and long term situations) 3)You will be able to put the different steps of metabolism into chronological order 4)You will understand how energy is used during endurance exercise 5)You will evaluate and predict how different energy supplements would affect a marathon runner if consumed during the race. You will create a written suggestion explaining whether or not a given race plan is likely to help the runner avoid hitting “the wall”.

What is energy? Energy exists in different forms but is neither created nor destroyed; it simply converts to another form. –Eg: kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, elastic, electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, and mass.

Why do we need energy? Cells require energy to carry out normal functions. Cells are like mini-factories. Factories require energy to function. For the cell, that energy is in the form of ATP I’m asking you!

How do we get energy? We eat … Food Sugar CO 2 + H 2 O + chemical energy (ATP) Gas CO 2 + H 2 O + mechanical energy + thermal energy (heat) Fatty acids Amino acids Chemical potential energy Chemical potential energy Usable energy currency

Energy “currency” and storage Stored form of currency Storage facilityCurrency ATP Muscle & Liver cells Adipose (fat) Glycogen triglycerides (fats) In the body...

Energy “currency” and storage Stored form of currency Storage facilityCurrency ATP Muscle & Liver cells Glycogen triglycerides (fats) In the body...

ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) Chemical energy is stored in the phosphate bond When that bond is broken, energy is released

How do we use ATP? Hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with unfavorable reactions reaction 1 (consumes energy) + ATP hydrolysis (releases energy) Net energy release (reaction 1 can proceed)

How do we make ATP? Glycolysis (oxidation of glucose) - complete breakdown of glucose (requires O 2 ) C 6 H 12 O 6 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O kJ Energy/mol = 38 ATP from one Glucose molecule - breakdown to pyruvate (then to lactic acid) C 6 H 12 O 6 2C 3 H 4 O kJ Energy/mol (only 5% of Energy of glucose released) = 2 ATP from one Glucose molecule Carbs Fats Fatty Acid oxidation complete breakdown of one 16 Carbon Fatty Acid = 129 ATP

Energy “currency” and storage Stored form of currency Storage facilityCurrency ATP Muscle & Liver cells Glycogen triglycerides (fats) In the body...

How do we store energy? Glycogen Glucose is linked as a polymer for storage (liver and skeletal muscles) Fatty Acids Excess glucose is converted to fatty acids for long term storage in fat cells

Activity: Strip Sequence! Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles Glucose is absorbed by the brain You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence! Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles Glucose is absorbed by the brain 1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence! 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles Glucose is absorbed by the brain 1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence! 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain 1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence! 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain 1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers 4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence! 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level 5 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain 1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers 4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence! 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level 5 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain 1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers 4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis 6 Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Activity: Strip Sequence! 2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level 5 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles 3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain 1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers 4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP 7 Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis 6 Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage

Guest Speaker- Dr. Gary Diffee

Exercise Metabolism Where do we get the ATP? From the breakdown of Carbohydrates and Fats DURING exercise

Pyruvate Glucose Lacate (done getting energy out) Acetyl CoA (can proceed to complete breakdown) OxygenNo Oxygen Glycogen 2 ATP38 ATP 129 ATP Partial Oxidation of Glucose Complete Oxidation of Glucose Complete Oxidation of 1 Fatty Acid Molecule Mitochondria Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain ATP Stored Triglycerides Free Fatty Acids ATP Scoreboard

Glycogen versus Blood Glucose as Energy source Long duration Exercise - Limited Muscle Glycogen stores - When it runs out (or gets low), Blood Glucose is our only Carbohydrate Source - What do we do then for Fuel?

Percent Fuel utilization 100% - Exercise Intensity Rest Maximal Exercise Fat Carbohydrate Effects of Training

Percent Fuel utilization 100% - Exercise Intensity Rest Maximal Exercise Fat Carbohydrate Effects of Training

d d c c b b a a % Fuel utilization 100% - Exercise Intensity RestMaximal Exercise FatCarbohydrate Effects of Training = No Effect = % Fuel utilization 100% - Exercise Intensity RestMaximal Exercise FatCarbohydrate % Fuel utilization 100% - Exercise Intensity RestMaximal Exercise FatCarbohydrate = Increased Fat usage = Variable between individuals = = Increased Carb usage =

Training adaptations that impact Fuel Utilization -Improved Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function = improved ability to get Oxygen to muscles -Increased number and size of muscle mitochondria = improved ability to do aerobic ATP production Net result = improved ability to utilize FAT for ATP supply = Glycogen sparing = Increased Glycogen stores