ME421 Heat Exchanger and Steam Generator Design Lecture Notes 7 Part 2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers

Basic Design Procedure Flow rates & compositions, temperatures, pressures. Process Eng  Design Eng Shell and head types, baffles, tube passes, etc. Preliminary design/analysis Use heat transfer and pressure drop correlations

Preliminary Design Estimate heat transfer coefficients and fouling resistances. Tables 8.4 and 8.5 give h and U values for various cases Estimating h is preferred (Table 8.4) With h, Rf’s, Rw, and overall surface efficiencies (in case of fins on either side) estimated, evaluate the overall heat transfer coefficient This is the most general expression, also estimate Uc. Take F = 1.0 for counterflow HEX (single tube pass), or F = 0.9 for any even number of tube passes.

Preliminary Design (continued) Estimate heat load Calculate Tlm,cf Estimate the size of the HEX This area is also related to tube diameter do and number of tubes Nt The objective is to find the number of tubes with diameter do, and shell diameter Ds to accommodate the number of tubes, with the given tube length.

Preliminary Design (continued) Shell diameter, Ds is CL is the tube layout constant CL = 1.0 for 90o and 45o, CL = 0.87 for 30o and 60o CTP is the tube count calculation constant CTP = 0.93 for one tube pass CTP = 0.90 for two tube passes CTP = 0.85 for three tube passes PR is the tube pitch ratio, PT/do Number of tubes, Nt is See Example 8.1

Rating of the Preliminary Design If HEX is available, skip preliminary design and proceed with rating only. If rating shows that Q and/or pressure drop requirements are not satisfied, select a different HEX and iterate. If not, preliminary design output is the rating input. Calculate the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops. If length is fixed, rating output is outlet temperatures; if heat load is fixed, rating output is HEX length.

Rating of the Preliminary Design (continued) Tube side: Chapters 3 & 4 for heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop calculations (two-phase flow later) Shell side: more complicated If rating output is not acceptable, modify HEX cannot deliver the heat required: increase h or area To increase hi, increase um in tubes, thus number of passes To increase ho, decrease baffle spacing or decrease baffle cut To increase area, increase length or shell diameter, or use shells in series ptube > pall: decrease number of tube passes or increase tube diameter (thus decrease tube length, increase shell diameter and number of tubes) pshell > pall: increase baffle spacing, tube pitch and baffle cut, or change type of baffles

Shell Side Analysis Kern Method (simple method) Shell Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Baffles increase heat transfer coefficient due to increased turbulence, tube correlations are not applicable Without baffles, h can be based on De, similar to double-pipe HEX, and Chapter 3 correlations can be used On the shell side, McAdams correlation for Nu square triangular

Kern Method (simple method) Shell Side Heat Transfer Coefficient (continued) Gs (shell side mass velocity) can be evaluated from where is the bundle crossflow area at the center of the shell Ds: shell diameter C: clearance between adjacent tubes B: baffle spacing PT: pitch size Gs evaluated here is a fictional value because there is actually no free-flow area on the shell side. This value is based on the bundle crossflow area at the hypothetical tube row possessing the maximum flow area corresponding to the center of the shell

Kern Method (simple method) Shell Side Pressure Drop Depends on the number of tubes the fluid passes through in the bundle between baffles and the length of each crossing. The following correlation uses the product of distance across the bundle, taken as Ds, and the number of times the bundle is crossed. s = (b/w)0.14 Nb = L/B – 1 is the number of baffles (Nb + 1) is the number of times the shell fluid passes the tube bundle f takes into account entrance and exit losses where

Kern Method (simple method) Tube Side Pressure Drop Total pressure drop including sudden expansions and contractions during a return (for multiple tube passes) Ignore second term if single tube pass See Example 8.2 for the application of Kern method on Example 8.1

Bell-Delaware Method (complex method) Shell side flow is complex, combines crossflow and baffle window flow, as well as baffle-shell and bundle-shell bypass streams and other complex flow patterns Five different streams are identified; A, B, C, E, and F Bell-Delaware method takes into account the leakage and bypass streams, most reliable method for shell side B-stream is the main stream, others reduce it and change shell side temperature profile, thus decrease h A: leakage through tube/baffle clearance, C: bundle bypass stream, E: baffle bypass stream, F: multi tube pass

Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Transfer Coefficient hideal is the ideal heat transfer coefficient for pure crossflow in an ideal tube bank J’s are correction factors ji is the Colburn j-factor for an ideal tube bank (Figures 8.15-8.17, depend on shell side Re, , tube layout, and pitch size; or correlation 8.25) As is the crossflow area at the centerline of the shell for one crossflow between baffles, As = Ds CB/PT Note that Res is different for this method (based on do)

Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Transfer Coefficient (continued) Correlation for the Colburn j-factor for an ideal tube bank a1 – a4 from Table 8.6 in book Correlation for ideal friction factor b1 – b4 from Table 8.6 in book as well

Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Transfer Coefficient (continued) Correction factors (J’s) Jc is the correction for baffle cut and spacing. For a large baffle cut, 0.53; for no tubes in window, 1.0; and for small windows with a high window velocity, 1.15. Jl is the correction factor for baffle leakage effects (A- and E-streams). Putting baffles too close increases leakage. Typical value 0.7 - 0.8. Jb is the correction factor for bundle bypassing effects and shell and pass dividers (C- and F- streams). For small clearance between outermost tubes and shell for fixed tube sheet construction, ~0.9. For a pull-through rotating head, ~0.7. Js is the correction factor for variable baffle spacing at the inlet and outlet. Usually between 0.85 and 1.0. Jr applies if Res < 100. If Res > 100, Jr = 1.0. The combined effects of all J’s is ~0.6.

All three methods give comparable ho as a result Example 8.3 Given specifications for a HEX, first perform preliminary design, then detailed thermal analysis Compares the heat transfer coefficient on the shell side, evaluated using three methods: Kern Method (note the different equation for As, but gives the same result as As = DsCB/PT) Taborek Method (just a different Nu correlation than McAdams, other procedures same as Kern Method, but Res is based on do, not De) Bell-Delaware Method (Res is again based on do not De) All three methods give comparable ho as a result Then, hi, Uc, Uf (Rft given in the problem), Af, Ac are calculated OS is evaluated as 43%, but it should not exceed 30% in design specifications. Therefore, a new OS is assumed (20%) and Rft is recalculated, which will help determine a suitable cleaning schedule. With this OS, the new Af and Ds are found. With these new constructional parameters, the design must be re-rated (you can do this as an exercise)

Shell Side Heat Pressure Drop Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Pressure Drop entrance and exit window internal each is one central baffle spacing The total nozzle-to-nozzle pressure drop has 3 components Entrance and exit Internal Window

Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Pressure Drop (continued) Entrance and Exit Affected by bypass but not by leakage Effect due to variable baffle spacing where pbi is the pressure drop in an equivalent ideal tube bank in one baffle compartment of central baffle spacing Rb is the correction factor for bypass flow (C- and F-streams), 0.5-0.8 depending on the construction type Nc is the number of tubes crossed during flow through one crossflow in HEX Ncw is the number of tube rows crossed in each baffle window Rs is the correction factor for the entrance and exit section having different baffle spacing (see literature for tabulated correction factors)

Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Pressure Drop (continued) Internal Interior crossflow section (baffle tip to baffle tip) where Rl is the correction factor for baffle leakage effects (A- and E-streams), 0.4-0.5 Nb is the number of baffles

Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Pressure Drop (continued) Window Affected by leakage but not by bypass Combined pressure drop in all windows where pwi is the pressure drop in an equivalent ideal tube bank in the window section

Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Pressure Drop (continued) The total pressure drop over the shell side is then The pressure drop in nozzles must be calculated separately pbi is calculated from fi from Figs. 8.15 – 8.17 or correlation 8.26 For an ideal baffle window section, pwi is calculated from

Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Pressure Drop (continued) See literature for Dw, Aw, and correction factors. Number of tube rows crossed in one crossflow section, Nc Lc is the baffle cut distance from baffle tip to inside of shell

Bell-Delaware Method Shell Side Heat Pressure Drop (continued) Number of tube rows crossed in each window, Ncw Number of baffles, Nb If Bi = B = Bo, then Nb = L/B – 1 The total shell side pressure drop of a typical shell-and-tube HEX is about 20-30% of the pressure drop that would be calculated without taking into account baffle leakages and tube bundle bypass effects. Read the Chapter on Shell-and-Tube HEX from D. Biniciogullari’s M.S. Thesis, PDF document on web.

Example 8.4 Given the HEX designed in Example 8.3, and other specifications, calculate the shell-side pressure drop using Bell-Delaware method to see if HEX is suitable. Takes into consideration all factors mentioned in the previous 7 slides. Compares the result with that obtained through Kern method. pBD < pK, about 48%. Example 8.5 Complete design of a HEX for given process specifications with the Kern method. The example can be repeated with the Bell-Delaware method as an execise.