ADJECTIVE CLAUSES

ADJECTIVE CLAUSES dependent clauses that must be joined to independent clauses describe nouns and pronouns often placed in a sentence right after the noun they describe add details to sentences by functioning as adjectives

ADJECTIVE (RELATIVE) CLAUSES Adjective clauses begin with one of the relative pronouns such as who, whom, whose, where , that, which, Also called relative clauses.

Relative Pronouns & Adjective Clauses Who Refers to people, used as subject in the clause The lady who teaches in the Political Science department is my mentor. (Relative pronoun as the subject of the clause)

Relative Pronouns & Adjective Clauses Whom Refers to people, used as object or object of preposition (Formal grammar recommends whom, not who, in the object position) Sally, who(m) he knew, arrived yesterday. (Relative pronoun as the object of the clause) The student of whom he spoke was a foreigner. (Relative pronoun as the object of a preposition)

Relative Pronouns & Adjective Clauses Which or that Refers to things, animals The watch which Ken bought was expensive. The ring that Jamie wears is from her husband. The lion that escaped last night was captured. (Note: the sentence using which is more formal than the one with that)

Relative Pronouns & Adjective Clauses Whose Refers to possession/ownership The father whose child is missing is frantic! The company whose manager has resigned is in dire straits.

Relative Pronouns & Adjective Clauses When Refers to a time (in + year, in + month, on + day,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted I will never forget the day when I graduated. I will never forget the day on which I graduated. I will never forget the day that I graduated. I will never forget the day I graduated.

Relative Pronouns & Adjective Clauses Where Refers to a place (in + country, in + city, at + school,...). It cannot be a subject. It can be omitted but a preposition (at, in, to) usually must be added. The house where he stays is old . The house in which he stays is old. The house which he stays in is old. The house that he stays in is old. The house he stays in is old.

Relative Pronouns & Adjective Clauses Why Refers to reason It can be omitted I don’t know why he winked. I don’t know the reason why he winked. I don’t know the reason he winked.

Adjective Clauses: Restrictive & Non-restrictive Clauses Restrictive Clauses (Essential) Non-restrictive Clauses (Non-essential) are necessary for identification—tell exactly which thing or person are interesting with extra information -but don’t identify or tell “which one” DO NOT have commas around clause ALWAYS have commas around clause Also known as identifying or defining clauses Also known as non-identifying or non-defining clauses

Restrictive (Essential) Adjective Clauses Examples: The soccer player who scored the goal is from Liverpool. The girl that borrows my book is my cousin. The district where I live is near the post office.

Non- Restrictive (Non-Essential) Adjective Clauses Examples: Ms. Tan, who is my English tutor, went to Korea last winter. My dog, which is barking, is in the backyard. William decided to reject the offer, which upset his manager.

Compare Restrictive & Non-restrictive Clauses 1. My brother who lives in Bukit Timah is an accountant. This sentence suggests that I have more than one brother. “Who lives in Bukit Timah” identifies this brother, not the one who lives in Clementi. 2. My brother, who lives in Bukit Timah, is an accountant. This sentence suggests that I only have one brother, “who lives in Bukit Timah”.

Which is logically correct? 1. My father, who is a taxi driver, doesn’t like to exercise. 2. My father who is a taxi driver doesn’t like to exercise.

Answer 1. My father, who is a taxi driver, doesn’t like to exercise. (Correct!) 2. My father who is a taxi driver doesn’t like to exercise. (This suggests you have more than one father!)

Which is logically correct? Situation: You have 3 sisters and you have already made that clear in preceding sentences. One is a doctor, one an air stewardess, and one a model. 1. My sister who is a doctor is not married. 2. My sister, who is a doctor, is not married.

Answer 1. My sister who is a doctor is not married. (Correct! This tells which sister , so it’s identifying.) 2. My sister, who is a doctor, is not married. (Identifying information should not have commas around it.)

Which is correct? 1. Paul Smith who is an excellent researcher is from England. 2. Paul Smith, who is an excellent researcher , is from England.

Answer 1. Paul Smith who is an excellent researcher is from England. (Note that proper nouns are considered already identified, so the adjective clause needs commas.) 2. Paul Smith, who is an excellent researcher , is from England. (Correct!)

Which is correct? The wind, that is howling, is making me nervous. The wind, which is howling, is making me nervous.

Answer The wind, that is howling, is making me nervous. (Never use commas with a “that” clause.) 2. The wind, which is howling, is making me nervous. (Correct!)

Practice Complete page 497 exercise 3

Writing with Adjective Clauses

Essential adjective clauses Are necessary for identification—tell exactly which thing or person Do not use commas Example: My teacher is awesome. My teacher majored in English. My teacher who majored in English is awesome.

With your partner: combine these main clauses into a sentence with an essential adverb clause. Underline the adverb clause and circle the subordinating conjunction. The pentathlon is one of the oldest Olympic events/It is still part of Olympic games A pentathlete had to run, jump, and throw well/He was the most admired athlete in the ancient Greek games All children learned these skills/The children lived in Athens or Sparta Aristotle praised pentathletes/Pentathletes were the most well-rounded athletes The pentathlon had five events/It required both upper- and lower-body strength.

How’d you do? __________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________ 4. ___________________________________________ 5. ___________________________________________

Non-essential adjective clauses are interesting with extra information -but don’t identify or tell “which one” ALWAYS have commas around clause Example: My teacher is trying to teach me grammar. My teacher is in room 405. My teacher, who is trying to teach me grammar, is in room 405.

On your own: combine these main clauses into a sentence with a non-essential adverb clause. Underline the adverb clause and circle the subordinating conjunction. One events required throwing the discus/The discus is a heavy, rounded stone The pentahlete faced the stade (track) races/Stade races demand sprinting speed A competitor might eventually become a soldier/The Spartans rewarded competitors The pentathlon reflected the culture of Sparta/The Spartan highly valued war. The modern Olympic pentathlon includes riding a horse, fencing, shooting, swimming, and running/The modern Olympic pentathlon is also based on military skills

How’d you do? __________________________________________ _____________________________________________ 7. ___________________________________________ 8. ___________________________________________ 9. ___________________________________________ 10. __________________________________________

Adjective & Adverb Clause Review Mad Libs Adjective & Adverb Clause Review

Give examples of the following Adjective clause beginning with who Noun Adjective clause beginning with where Adjective clause beginning with that Adverb clause beginning with since Adverb clause beginning with while Adjective Adverb clause beginning with before Adverb clause beginning with who Adverb clause beginning with because Independent clause using “he” as the subject. Independent clause using “he” as the subject Adjective clause using “who” Adverb clause beginning with “while”

Give examples of the following Adverb clause beginning with as soon as Independent clause with birthday girl as the subject. Adverb clause beginning with because Noun Adjective clause beginning with which Adjective clause beginning with who Independent clause Adverb clause beginning with although Adverb clause beginning with if Adverb clause beginning with since

Dear Director: I would like to recommend my friend, (1)________________, for the job of assistant to the (2)______________ in your camp (3)___________________. He has just graduated from a school (4)____________________and earned a degree (5)_________________. He has had experience teaching (6)_____________ how to play the banjo (7)_________________. He is ambitious and (8) ______________. During school vacations, he used to work delivering (9)___________________. He is a loyal person (10)______________________and will make a very good counselor (11)_______________________ and (12)____________________. (13)_______________________. I promise you that this man (14)____________________ will make great counselor for your camp.

The party was over (16)___________________________ The party was over (16)___________________________. (17)_____________________________________. (18)________________________________, she decided not to open her presents. That was too bad because I had bought her a (19)__________________. The cake (20)_________________________________ (21)_______________________________ was never even brought out to the table. The guests (22)______________________________ were told to go home, and (23)_________________________________. (24)________________________________________, everyone still seemed to have a good time. I guess a party is still a party even (25)________________________________. I’m looking forward to the next birthday party

References Cain, J. S. (2003).Eye on Editing 2: Developing Editing Skills for Writing. New York: Pearson Education Brizee. A. (Ed.). (2009). Relative Pronouns. OWL Materials. Retrieved September 1, 2009, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/645/01/

Web resources On how to use a relative clause (also links on the page on defining/restrictive) and non-defining/non-restrictive relative clauses) http://esl.about.com/od/grammaradvanced/a/relative_clause.htm A grammar website on relative clauses giving all the details of relative clauses and provide exercises. If you want to know relative clauses inside out, visit: http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/relative-clauses

Videos on Relative Clauses On defining relative clauses (with movie clips) http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-486183297429660222#docid=-1240715167746622451 Distinguish the use of “who” and “whom” in a relative clause http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-486183297429660222#docid=-3595000722742197356

Powerpoint developed by Irene Tan. Used with Permission Proofread and revised by Yang Ying