ESaTDOR Professor David Shaw School of Environmental Sciences Liverpool University European Seas and Territorial Development, Opportunities and Risks

Territorial Agenda of the EU 2020 ‘Maritime activities are essential for territorial cohesion in Europe The Marine Strategy Framework Directive and EU Integrated Maritime Policy call for coordinated actions from Member States on maritime spatial planning. Such planning should be integrated into the existing planning systems to enable harmonious and sustainable development of a land-sea continuum.’ (Informal Ministerial Meeting of Ministers responsible for Spatial Planning and Territorial Development, 2011, para55). Territorial and Terrestrial are not synonymous New ways of conceptualising territoriality New ways of working New information requirements Reconceptualising the Territorial Agenda 2

Terrestrial and marine elements of a nations territory 3

Map the different types of sea use across Europe to develop typology of coastal/marine regions drawing on existing ESPON typologies Identify developmental opportunities (and constraints) for different coastal/marine regions Explore best practice in terms of terrestrial-marine governance Provide guidance and advice on how these critical assets can be effectively and democratically managed Suggest further areas for research to maximise opportunities, but minimise human impacts on marine assets ESaTDOR- Dipping ESPON Toes in the Water 4

The Team 5 Project PartnersThematic ResponsibilitiesSea Responsibilities PP1 University of Liverpool, UK (Shaw, Kidd Jay and McGowan EnergyAtlantic Ocean PP2 Norwegian Institute for Urban and Regional Planning, Norway (Langerland, Juvkam and Kvinge) Economic UseArctic Ocean PP3 MCRIT, Spain (Esquius-Rafat and UliedTransport and ShippingMediterranean Sea PP4 University Malaga, Spain (Iglesias- Campos and Ruiz-Sinoga) Data Protocols and Mapping PP5 University of Valencia, Spain (Farinos) Coastal Governance Case Study Guidance PP6 Leibniz Institute for Baltic Seas Research, Germany, (Holger) Baltic Sea PP7 VU University- IVM, Netherlands Jansen and Gilbert) Coastal and Marine EcosystemsNorth Sea PP8 Thessaly University, Greece (Cocossis and Gonzalez) Coastal GovernanceMediterranean PP9 Constanta Maritime University University,Romania, Panait and Stanca) Black Sea

ESaTOR- Dipping ESPONS toes in the water 6

Preliminary Findings 7 Thematic AreaKey Territorial Development OpportunitiesKey Risks Economic Use  Climate change > new fisheries species  Infrastructure associated with new maritime routes  Aquaculture development  Increased cruise tourism  Ecotourism  Development of new technologies in shipbuilding and marine renewable energy production  Marine equipment  Inadequate governance arrangements for resource exploitation (Arctic/Mediterranean)  Environmental pressures caused by intensive coastal land use  Pollution threat to marine living and non-living resources  Relatively high labour costs requires high capital intensity and ongoing innovation activities Energy and Pipelines  Fossil Fuel Development  Marine Renewables  International energy and telecommunication grids  Carbon Storage  Increased carbon emissions associated with oil and gas development  Environmental damage associated with new energy sources  Restrictions to other sea uses associated with energy development Transport  Growth of Shipping  New maritime routes (esp. Arctic)  Short Sea Shipping  Cruise Activity  New Infrastructure  Gas and Oil Shipping  Leisure development  Shipping accidents  Pollution  Administrative barriers to shipping/transport of goods EnvironmentAssociated with good environmental quality:  Ecotourism  Conservation services  Fisheries Associated with poor environmental quality:  Fisheries and aquaculture depletion  Species loss  Loss of natural sea defences  Human health impacts

Regional Seas Defined 8 Data Collection Challenges Lack of availability and consistency of marine data Inconsistency in maritime boundaries Varying scale of land sea interactions Difficulty in disaggregating data sets – between land and sea and between different sea areas Lack of established protocol for sub-sea mapping

ESPON Data mapping Toolkit December 9

Typology of Seas 10 Proposal: a 5-category typology based on varying experience related to levels of human use; maritime connections, land sea interactions, environmental conditions and risk, and economic significance.

Governance 11

“Spatial planning refers to methods used...to influence the future distribution of activities in space. It balances demands for development, with the need to protect the environment and to achieve social and economic objectives” (CEC1997). Anticipated Policy Outcomes Consistency and effectiveness of coastal and maritime data collection Innovative ways of understanding land sea interactions Suggestions and encouragement for more effective governance arrangements Preliminary identifications of areas territorial development risks and opportunities taking into account the marine environment. Conclusions 12