Cellular Respiration Stages 2 & 3
Stages of Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Pyruvate Oxidation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport & Chemiosmosis
Occurs in the ______________ of the cell. Overall idea: ______________ molecule is split into _________________ molecules. In the process, ____ ATP molecules are used, ____ ATP molecules are formed, and two ______ molecules are formed. Net Energetic Molecules Produced: _____ ATP and ____ NADH. ATP may be used ________________ by the cell, whereas the majority of energy is still trapped in the ________________ and ________________ molecules.
The two _____________ molecules formed in ______________________ are transported through the two mitochondrial membranes into the ________________. Three changes to _______________ are catalyzed by a multienzyme complex.
Pyruvate (containing an acetyl group and a _________ group) is transported into the matrix via transport proteins.
The low-energy carboxyl group is removed as CO2 Catalyzed by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxyl____.
NAD+ is reduced by the 2C molecule. NAD+ gains 2H atoms (2P + 2e-). the 2C molecule, overall, loses ______________________. Therefore, the ‘pyruvate’ molecule is ______________________. Overall, this is a _________ reaction. The 2H atoms gained by NAD+ are obtained from food. Acetic Acid/Acetate (2C) is formed. NAD + + 2p + 2e Let’s break this down... NAD + + 1e ______ We are still left with __P and ___e (And want to form NADH) NAD + 2P + 1e NADH + H +
Coenzyme A (CoA) attached to acetate. CoA contains sulfur This forms Acetyl-CoA. C-S bond holding acetyl group to CoA is unstable, making Acetyl- CoA ready for further reactions... (The next reaction in cellular respiration is the ____________________. Where does CoA come from? Where do many coenzymes come from? Organisms obtain CoA by injesting vitamin B5.
__________ molecules of NADH for each ______________ molecule.
WHAT HAPPENS TO THE PRODUCTS? The 2 molecules of acetl-CoA enter the Krebs Cycle The 2 molecules of NADH skip the Krebs cycle (step ___)and go strait to step ____. The 2 CO 2 are __________ products. This is a reason why we ______________. The two H+ ions are dissolved in the matrix, where they are most likely taken up by _______________ molecules to form ____________ ions.
Central molecule in energy metabolism Acetyl-CoA is multifunctional Can be used to produce ATP (if needed immediately: enters the _______ cycle). Can be used to produce lipids to store ________ for later.
Based on the former information... If ATP levels are high, acetyl-CoA goes on to produce ____________________. If ATP levels are low, acetyl-CoA goes into the _____________________ to increase _____________ production.
Food = chemical potential energy Food (which contains stuff to make acetyl-CoA) can be converted into either of the following: 1) lipids (if cells don’t need ______________ immediately) REMEMBER THAT LIPIDS ARE FOR _____-term storage of energy. 2) ATP (if cells need ____________ immediately) REMEMBER THAT ATP CAN BE USED ______________.
to relax in an inert, passive way (World English Dictionary, to cease working and take it easy; to vegetate. (World English Dictionary, USUALLY WHEN WE “VEG-OUT”, DO NOT EXPEND MUCH ENERGY TAKE IN MORE ENERGY (in the form of food) THAN IS USED. IF ACETYL CoA is not used promptly, it is used to make _________.
Named after Sir Hans Krebs Recieved the Nobel Prize in 1953 8-Step Process Each step catalyzed by a specific _______ Cyclic: oxaloacetate (_______ of step 8) is the _________ in step 1.
We will break down the steps one by one...
Acetyl group (___C) of Acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate (___C) to form citrate (___C). MAIN REACTANT(S):________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): :_____________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):____________________________ PRODUCT(S):_________________________
Citrate (6C) is rearranged to isocitrate (6C). This is just an __________ of citrate. MAIN REACTANT(S):________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): :_____________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):____________________________ PRODUCT(S):_________________________
Isocitrate (6C) is converted to α-ketoglutarate (5C) by losing a ____and two H atoms. H atoms reduce NAD+ to ______. MAIN REACTANT(S):________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): :_____________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):____________________________ PRODUCT(S):_________________________
α-ketoglutarate (__C) is converted to succinyl-CoA (__C). A ___ is removed, coenzyme A is added, and two hydrogen atoms reduce _____ to ______. MAIN REACTANT(S):__________________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): :________________________________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):____________________________ PRODUCT(S):__________________________________________
Succinyl CoA (4C) is converted to succinate (4C). ATP is formed by substrate-level phosphorylation Phosphate group from matrix dispaces CoA from succinyl-CoA. Phosphate group is transferred to guanosine disphosphate (GDP) forming ____________________ (GTP). GTP transfers P to ADP, forming ________. MAIN REACTANT(S):__________________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): :________________________________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):____________________________ PRODUCT(S):__________________________________________
Succinate (__C) is converted to fumarate (__C). Two hydrogen atoms reduce FAD to _______. MAIN REACTANT(S):__________________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): :________________________________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):____________________________ PRODUCT(S):__________________________________________
Fumarate (___C) is converted to malate (___C) by the _______ of water. MAIN REACTANT(S):_______________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):________________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):_______________ PRODUCT(S):________________________________
Malate (___C) is converted to oxaloacetate (___ C). Two hydrogen atoms reduce ____ to ______. MAIN REACTANT(S):_______________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -):________________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):_______________ PRODUCT(S):________________________________
Acetyl group (___C) of Acetyl-CoA condenses with oxaloacetate (___C) to form citrate (___C). MAIN REACTANT(S):________________________ ATP INVOLVED (+ or -): :_____________ Energy-Harvesting Product(s):____________________________ PRODUCT(S):_________________________ AND THE CYCLE CONTINUES!!!
Original _____________ molecule is entirely consumed. The six ____________ atoms leave the process as six low-energy _____ molecules which are released by the cell as _______________. Exhaling? Energy from the original ______________ molecule is stored in the form of four _____ molecules (2 from glycolysis and 2 from Krebs) and reduced coenzymes. Coenzymes: NADH and FADH 2. ____ NADH from glycolysis ____ NADH from pyruvate oxidation. ____ NADH from the Krebs cycle ____ FADH 2 from the Krebs cycle. __________________________________________ ____ TOTAL COENZYMES. FREE ENERGY STORED IN COENZYMES WILL BE TRANSFERRED TO ATP IN ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND CHEMIOSMOSIS.
Videos!
Read and make notes on Table 1: Key Features of the Krebs Cycle. Pg. 102 Make sure you understand it! Make your own version of Figure 16 (Krebs cycle). You may use colour, legends, etc. This may aid in your understranding. Quiz on the first 3 stages of Cellular respiration on Monday.