Biology 3A - respiration

Cellular respiration Provides energy for the cell Occurs in _________ cells Net equation: Occurs as a series of reactions, involving many different enzymes Involves ____________ and ___________ reactions

Cellular respiration Provides energy for the cell Occurs in all cells Net equation: glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + energy (ATP) Occurs as a series of reactions, involving many different enzymes Involves anaerobic and aerobic reactions

Summary of reactions

ATP and ADP Act as chemical batteries Carry and release small amounts of energy ATP adenosine adenosine phosphate ADP energy

Carrier proteins Carry hydrogen ions to electron transport chains NAD  NADH + H+ FAD  FADH2 + H+

Anaerobic respiration Occurs in the c_________ Does not need o__________ Involves 2 processes – g_________ and f_____________

Anaerobic respiration Occurs in the cytoplasm Does not need oxygen Involves 2 processes – glycolysis and fermentation

Glycolysis Glucose is broken down into 2 p________ (pyruvic acid) molecules Reactions use 2 ________ Reactions make ___ ATP Net ATP = _____/glucose molecule

Glycolysis Glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate (pyruvic acid) molecules Reactions use 2 ATP Reactions make 4 ATP Net ATP = 2/glucose molecule

Fermentation In animals: Pyruvate is converted to l________ a_____ In plants and fungi: Pyruvate is converted to e_________ and _______

Fermentation In animals: Pyruvate is converted to lactic acid In plants and fungi: Pyruvate is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide

Aerobic respiration Occurs in the _________________ Needs _____________ Involves T___________ reaction, K______ cycle and E__________ transport chain Involves many reactions and enzymes Produces ____ ATP Waste products are

Aerobic respiration Occurs in the mitochondrion Needs oxygen Involves Transition reaction, Krebs cycle and Electron transport chain Involves many reactions and enzymes Produces 36 ATP Waste products are carbon dioxide and water

Structure of mitochondrion

Transition reaction

Transition reaction Pyruvate attaches to Coenzyme A to form Acetyl Coenzyme A Acetyl Coenzyme A enters mitochondrion and releases the pyruvate into the Krebs cycle Coenzyme A can also pick up fatty acids and take them into the Krebs cycle

Krebs cycle

Krebs cycle Occurs in the m_________ of the mitochondrion A cycle of reactions generates ATP and hydrogen ions (carried by NAD and FAD carriers to electron transport chain) Waste product is Produces _____ ATP/glucose molecule

Krebs cycle Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion A cycle of reactions generates ATP and hydrogen ions (carried by NAD and FAD carriers to electron transport chain) Waste product is carbon dioxide Produces 2 ATP/glucose molecule

Electron transport chain

Electron transport chain Found in the ____________ (inner membranes) of the mitochondrion ATP is generated as hydrogen ions are passed down the chain Oxygen is Waste product is Produces ______ ATP/glucose molecule

Electron transport chain Found in the cristae (inner membranes) of the mitochondrion ATP is generated as hydrogen ions are passed down the chain Oxygen is used up Waste product is water Produces 34 ATP/glucose molecule

Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration Site it occurs Need for oxygen Waste products Amount of ATP Reactions involved

Comparison of aerobic and anaerobic respiration Site it occurs cytoplasm mitochondrion Need for oxygen no yes Waste products Animals – lactic acid Plants – carbon dioxide and alcohol Carbon dioxide and water Amount of ATP 2/glucose molecule 36 – 38/glucose molecule Reactions involved Glycolysis Fermentation Transition reaction Krebs cycle Electron transport chain

Comparison between respiration and photosynthesis Inputs Products Type of cells Location in cells Where energy comes from Role of ATP Names of reactions

Comparison between respiration and photosynthesis Inputs Oxygen & glucose Carbon dioxide, light, water Products Carbon dioxide, water & energy (ATP) Oxygen, glucose & water Type of cells All cells Plants & some protists & bacteria Location in cells Cytoplasm (anaerobic) & mitochondria (aerobic) Chloroplast Where energy comes from Carbon compounds (chemical breakdown) Light Role of ATP End product Carries energy of light reactions into dark reactions Names of reactions Glycolysis, fermentation, Krebs cycle Light reactions – Photosystems I & II & electron transport chain Dark reactions – Calvin cycle

Factors affecting rate of respiration Temperature Concentration of glucose Concentration of oxygen Concentration of wastes (CO2 or alcohol)

Factors affecting rate of respiration Temperature as temperature increases, respiration increases, until temperature gets too high  enzymes denature Concentration of glucose as glucose increases, respiration increases, until maximum level reached Concentration of oxygen as oxygen increases, respiration increases, until maximum level reached Concentration of wastes (CO2 or alcohol) as wastes increase, respiration decreases

Factors affecting rate of respiration Carbon dioxide concentration Carbon dioxide concentration Oxygen concentration Glucose concentration Carbon dioxide concentration Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature Waste concentration

Factors affecting rate of respiration Carbon dioxide concentration Carbon dioxide concentration Oxygen concentration Glucose concentration Carbon dioxide concentration Carbon dioxide concentration Temperature Waste concentration