Ch. 10-3: Spanish Speaking South America Objective: Identify key events in the colonization of South America

The Inca and Pizarro In 1500s, the Incan civilization was the major power in Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile. Francisco Pizarro and his Spanish soldiers led an invasion against the Inca and brought down the empire. Francisco Pizarro

Conquest and the End of Spanish Rule As a result of the Treaty of Tordesillas, control of South America was divided between Spain and Portugal.

The Inca The Incan Empire extended 2,500 miles from Ecuador in the north to Argentina in the south. The Inca built an extensive system of roads that extended for over 20,000 miles through the mountains and deserts of the empire

Spanish Conquest Pizarro and his soldiers were interested in finding gold and silver. They forced the natives to work in mines and on farms. The natives were horribly abused even though the Spanish government and the Church passed laws limiting the use of natives in hard labor.

The Effect of Spanish Conquest The Inca were forced to move from their villages onto Spanish controlled plantations. This disrupted their family structures and made the area very difficult to manage.

Cultural Effects of Spanish Conquest The Spanish language was imposed on the natives however, the Inca managed to retain their native language called Quechua. The Catholic religion was also imposed upon the natives and is still practiced by the Inca today.

Independence Movements The American and French Revolutions inspired the revolutions that swept through South America. Simón Bolívar helped Colombia, Bolivia, Ecuador and Venezuela gain their independence from Spain. José San Martin helped to free Argentina, Chile, and Peru from Spanish rule. Simón Bolívar José San Martin

Legacy of Conquest While revolutions brought independence, the young countries began to fail as a result of geography. The mountains created a formidable obstacle making unification nearly impossible which led to political instability and underdevelopment.

Economics South American economies are largely based on agriculture, mining and limited oil. Bolivia- tin, zinc, copper Peru- fishing Colombia and Venezuela- oil Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay -agricultural crops Ecuador-coffee

Chile- Economic Success Chile is an economic success story because it has developed international trade relationships with the U.S. and Asia. Chile has been the leader in working for economic cooperation among South American nations where it is an associate member of Mercosur.

Mercosur Mercosur is an economic free market that began cooperation in southern part of South America in 1995. Goals: Make member economies more stable Increase trade within the region and decrease dependency on unstable global markets Channel some of the profits of improving economies to those people and groups that most need help.

Literacy and Education South American countries have a higher literacy rate than Mexico, Central America or Caribbean countries at about 90%. Chile’s literacy rate is 95% Education is very important throughout South America but particularly in Chile.

Ch. 10-4: Brazil Brazil was Portugal’s largest colony. The Portuguese were interested in finding gold and silver but did not find any. Sugar plantations took the place of gold mines and became the most important export from Brazil

Settlement in Brazil Settlement along the eastern coast was easier than in the interior because of the rainforest. The Native populations died off as a result of European diseases and African were brought in to work in the sugar cane fields.

Slavery In Brazil As a result of the introduction of Africans, the Brazilian population is a mix of European, African and native ancestry.

Independence for Brazil Brazil remained a colony of Portugal until 1822. This revolution came about as thousands Brazilians signed petitions asking for independence. Dom Pedro, the Portuguese kings son, agreed to rule Brazil as an independent nation.

National Culture of Brazil Brazil is an immigrant nation with large numbers of people from Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Catholicism is practiced however, among some of African descent, it is combined with African religious rituals.

Brazil- An Economic Giant Brazil is a growing economic power because of its natural resources, hydroelectric power generated by its many rivers, large oil reserves and natural gas.

Carnival- Rio de Janeiro

The Darker Side of City Life Drug abuse Poverty Crime Slums

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