Warm-up 11/11/14 Why is there a limit to cell size? Why do we not have cells as big as buildings?

Which turtle has bigger cells? Neither!!! Their cells are the same size… this one just has MORE!

Why don’t cells continue to grow? There are two main reason why cells divide instead of continue to grow: The larger the cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA The cell has more trouble moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane.

DNA “Overload” Information that controls a cell’s function is stored in a molecule knows as DNA In eukaryotic cells, DNA is found in the nucleus

DNA “Overload” When a cell is small, the information stored in the DNA is able to meet all of the cell’s needs If a cell was too large an “information crisis” would occur and the cell would not function properly

Example: Small library in a large city

Exchanging Materials Food, water and nutrients enter the cell through its cell membrane Waste products leave in the same way

Exchanging Materials Example: Small streets in a big town

Exchanging Materials The relationship between a cell’s volume and its surface area is the key to understanding why cells must divide as they grow!

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume

Ratio of Surface Area to Volume The volume increases much faster than the surface area, causing the ratio of surface area to volume to decrease. This decrease creates serious problems for the cell. Formula for calculating ratio: Ratio = Surface Area/Volume

Cell Division Photo Credit: © CAMR/A.B. Dowsett/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Cell Division In eukaryotes, cell division occurs in two major stages. The first stage, division of the cell nucleus, is called mitosis. The second stage, division of the cell cytoplasm, is called cytokinesis.

Cell Division DNA to Chromatin to Chromosomes https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kQpYdCnU14

Chromosomes Genetic information is passed from one generation to the next on chromosomes. Before cell division, each chromosome is duplicated, or copied.

Chromosomes DNA

Chromosomes Each chromosome consists of two identical “sister” chromatids. Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the centromere. Sister chromatids Photo Credit: © Gunther F. Bahr/AFIP/Stone Centromere Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

When the cell divides, the chromatids separate When the cell divides, the chromatids separate. Each new cell gets one chromatid.

The Cell Cycle The cell cycle is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide. Interphase is the period of growth that occurs between cell divisions.

During the cell cycle: a cell grows prepares for division divides to form two daughter cells, each of which begins the cycle again

The cell cycle consists of four phases: G1 (First Gap Phase) S Phase G2 (Second Gap Phase) M Phase G0 Phase (Resting phase)

Events of the Cell Cycle During G1, the cell increases in size synthesizes new proteins and organelles

During the S phase, chromosomes are replicated DNA synthesis takes place Once a cell enters the S phase, it usually completes the rest of the cell cycle.

The G2 Phase (Second Gap Phase) organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced Once G2 is complete, the cell is ready to start the M phase—Mitosis

Cell Cycle During the cell cycle, the cell grows, replicates its DNA, and divides into two daughter cells. DNA synthesis takes place during the S phase. Cell division takes place during the M phase. G1 and G2 are gap phases.

Mitosis Biologists divide the events of mitosis into four phases: (PMAT) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Mitosis Most eukaryotic cells go through a regular cycle of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis has four phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. The events shown here are typical of animal cells. Mitosis

Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Section 10-2 Spindle forming Prophase Mitosis Prophase Chromosomes (paired chromatids) Centromere Most eukaryotic cells go through a regular cycle of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis has four phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. The events shown here are typical of animal cells.

Prophase Prophase is the first and longest phase of mitosis. The centrioles separate and take up positions on opposite sides of the nucleus. Spindle forming Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids)

Spindle forming The spindle is forming and the pairs chromosomes are visible. The centrosome helps to organize the spindle, a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromosomes. Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids)

Spindle forming Chromatin condenses into chromosomes. The centrioles separate and a spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelope breaks down. Centromere Chromosomes (paired chromatids)

Mitosis Metaphase Centriole Spindle Centriole Metaphase

Metaphase The second phase of mitosis is metaphase. The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the poles of the spindle. Centriole Spindle

Individual chromosomes Anaphase Individual chromosomes Anaphase

Anaphase Anaphase is the third phase of mitosis. Individual chromosomes Anaphase Anaphase is the third phase of mitosis. The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes. The chromosomes continue to move until they have separated into two groups.

Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase Nuclear envelope reforming Telophase

Telophase Telophase is the fourth and final phase of mitosis. Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shape.

A new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes.

Cytokinesis Cytokinesis

During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm pinches in half During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes

Cytokinesis in Plants In plants, a structure known as the cell plate forms midway between the divided nuclei. Cell plate Cell wall

The G0 Phase (resting phase) The cell leaves the cell cycle and quits dividing. This may be a temporary resting period or more permanent. Ex: Nerve cells and heart muscle cells no longer divide after reaching maturity.