Strengths and Weakness of Public and Private Universities - A View from Japan - Kintomo Takakura, M.D., Ph.D. President Tokyo Women ’ s Medical University

Population Japan ,619 thousand Male62,304 Female65, ,741(Peak)

Number of Schools (2004) SchoolNumberNumber of Students Kindergarten (2-3Y)14,0611,753 Primary School (6)23,4207,200 Junior High School (3)11,1023,663 Senior High School (3)5,4293,919 University (4-6)7092,809 Collage (2-3) Post-graduate School (2-4)(700)244 (x 1000)

University Japan Public167 National87 Local Government (City, Prefecture) 80 Private542 Total709

Number of Students (2004) MaleFemale PublicNational Local Gov Private2,0621, Total2,8091,7081,100 (x 1000)

Foreign Students Univ. Under gr. (709) 117,30241,347 Post gr. School (545) 29,51412,249

Post-graduate School (2004) Number of Students Total244,026 (m : f = 173:71) Cultural Science20,782(10:11) Social Science36,526(25:12) Natural Science20,315(16: 4) Technology78,819(71: 8) Agriculture12,691( 6: 4) Health Science34,119(21:13) Education13,271(69:68) Art 4,584(18:28) Others21,913(13: 8)

University Public National The Univ. of Tokyo Kyoto Univ.etc. Local Governmental Metropolitan Univ. of Tokyo Osaka City Univ.etc. Private Waseda Univ. Keio Univ.

THE UNIV. OF TOKYO National Established in 1877 Faculty10 Institute16 Students Undergraduate15,074 Graduate13,185

WASEDA UNIV. Private Established in 1882 Faculty10 Students Undergraduate45,334 Graduate 7,273

TOKYO WOMEN ’ S MEDICAL UNIVERSITY (TWMU) Private Established in 1900 Faculty2 Students Medicine600 Nursing360 Post graduate200

TWMU Campus 2 Hospital 5 Doctors1200 Bed2000 Patients (Outpatients)7000/day Annual BudgetUS$ 0.9 Bil

Governmental Support for Univ. Management (2003) Public (87)US$11.7 Bil. Private (542)US$ 3.1 Bil.

Finance The Univ. of Tokyo Waseda Univ. No. of Students15,07445,149 BudgetUS$ 1.46 Bil.US$ 0.86 Bil. Government Tuition Others

Researchers (2004) National Univ.131,100 Local Gov. Univ.22,000 Private Univ.131,000 Total284,000

Research Budget 2003Ratio/GDP U.S.A.US$ 310 Billion2.6% EU JAPAN

Research Budget for Science and Technology 2003 ResearchTotalUniv.Industry Basic 15.0% 55.0% 6.0% Applied Developmental

Strengths of Public University 1. More financial Support from the government 2. Low Tuition 3. Strong historical background

Weakness of Public University 1. Strong control by government 2. No flexibility of finance 3. Less identity of University 4. Less free arrangement of researches with private industries or enterprises

Strengths of Private University 1. Strong identity of university 2. Independent from governmental control 3. Strong alumni consciousness 4. Free arrangement of research works and education with industries or enterprises

Weakness of Private University 1. Weak financial support from government 2. Higher tuition 3. Three times more students than public university 4. Broad variety of the quality of students

Change of Organization (2004) National (Federal) University Independent University (Gradual Transformation)

Conclusion 1. There are 167 public (87 national, and 80 local governmental) and 542 private universities in Japan. 2. Population of Japan is 127 million. 3. There are 624 thousand students in national, 122 thousand in local governmental and 2,062 thousand in private universities. 4. There are 244,026 students in the postgraduate schools in universities. 5. Financial support from the Government in 2004 was 11.7 billion US dollars to 87 national and 3.1 billion to 542 private universities.

Conclusion 6. Examples of national (the Univ. of Tokyo) and private universities (Waseda University and our Tokyo Women ’ s Medical University) were introduced. 7. There were 284,000 researchers in The total budget of researches for science and technology in 2003 was 168 billion US dollars. 8. Government has decided to reform the system of national university to financially independent universities, similar to private universities in And the financial support from the government will decrease gradually in the coming years.