DOD Organization / Missions of USA, USAF, USCG, Merchant Marines

Learning Objectives Understand the Basic DOD Organization Understand the Basic DOD Organization Recognize the missions of the USAF / USA / USCG / MM Recognize the missions of the USAF / USA / USCG / MM

Problems Before/During WWII Not enough civilian involvement Not enough civilian involvement Too much overlap and too much bickering Too much overlap and too much bickering

So, We Needed Something New –Increase civilian control of the Armed Forces –Eliminate unnecessary duplication –Provide a unified strategic direction of the Armed Forces

National Security Act (1947) National Security Act of 1947 National Security Act of Created Dept of Air Force from USAAF - Created Dept of Air Force from USAAF - Created the National Military Establishment (NME) - Created the National Military Establishment (NME) (Merger of DOW/DON) (Merger of DOW/DON) - DOD is the successor agency to the NME - DOD is the successor agency to the NME National Security Act Amendments of 1949 National Security Act Amendments of 1949 –DOD established as an executive department –Headed by Secretary of Defense –Three main provisions of amendments: Establishment of Army, Navy, Air Force Establishment of Army, Navy, Air Force Organization of each military dept under its own secretary Organization of each military dept under its own secretary Establishment of unified and specific commands Establishment of unified and specific commands

Department of Defense

Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) Created by NSA of 1947 Created by NSA of 1947 Successor to the Secretary of War Successor to the Secretary of War Defense policy advisor to the President Defense policy advisor to the President Formulates general defense policy and policy related to DOD Formulates general defense policy and policy related to DOD Member of the President’s Cabinet and National Security Council Member of the President’s Cabinet and National Security Council Chuck Hagel

Mission of DOD Support and defend the Constitution against all enemies Support and defend the Constitution against all enemies Protect the U.S., its possessions, and areas vital to its interests Protect the U.S., its possessions, and areas vital to its interests Advance the policies and interests of the U.S. Advance the policies and interests of the U.S.

The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) Established informally in WWII, modeled after the British Chiefs of Staff Established informally in WWII, modeled after the British Chiefs of Staff NSA of 1947 made JCS a permanent agency NSA of 1947 made JCS a permanent agency Chairman of the JCS Chairman of the JCS –Appointed by the President, must be from Army, Navy, Marines, or Air Force –Principal military advisor to the President, NSC, and SECDEF. –Senior military advisor in the country, but has no command JCS breakdown JCS breakdown –Chairman –Vice-Chairman –The Chiefs of Staff of Army and Air Force, Chief of Naval Operations (CNO), Commandant of the Marine Corps

Chairman / Vice Chairman General Martin E. Dempsey (USA), CJCS Admiral James A. Winnefeld, Jr. (USN), VCJCS

Service Chiefs of Staff Admiral Jonathan Greenert (USN), CNO General James Amos (USMC), CMC

Service Chiefs of Staff General Mark A. Welsh III (USAF), CSAF Gen. Raymond T. Odierno (ARMY), CSA

Who “Commands” Forces??? Today, the Joint Chiefs of Staff have no executive authority to command combatant forces. The issue of executive authority was clearly resolved by the Goldwater-Nichols DOD Reorganization Act of 1986: "The Secretaries of the Military Departments shall assign all forces under their jurisdiction to unified and specified combatant commands to perform missions assigned to those commands..."; the chain of command "runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense; and from the Secretary of Defense to the commander of the combatant command." Today, the Joint Chiefs of Staff have no executive authority to command combatant forces. The issue of executive authority was clearly resolved by the Goldwater-Nichols DOD Reorganization Act of 1986: "The Secretaries of the Military Departments shall assign all forces under their jurisdiction to unified and specified combatant commands to perform missions assigned to those commands..."; the chain of command "runs from the President to the Secretary of Defense; and from the Secretary of Defense to the commander of the combatant command."

Unified Commands

Other Unified Commands US Special Operations Command (SOCOM) US Special Operations Command (SOCOM) US Transportation Command (TRANSCOM) US Transportation Command (TRANSCOM) Strategic Command (STRATCOM) Strategic Command (STRATCOM) Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) …disestablished as of 31 August 2011 Joint Forces Command (JFCOM) …disestablished as of 31 August 2011

The Bottom Line Unified Commands are Joint Unified Commands are Joint –Fight –AKA (also known as) Combatant Commands –Responsibility primarily split by geography Services Chiefs Services Chiefs –Man –Train –Equip

So…It Works Kinda Like This… Unified Commander needs forces Unified Commander needs forces Supported/supporting Commander Supported/supporting Commander OPORD/OPLAN, RFF, TPFDD, DEPORD OPORD/OPLAN, RFF, TPFDD, DEPORD Each Service ensures that its man/train/equip policies meet operational necessities Each Service ensures that its man/train/equip policies meet operational necessities Units deploy Units deploy

Chains of Command - Administrative (always the same) - Operational (changes based on deployed location)

Break

Mission of the U.S. Army To prepare land forces for war; to fight our country’s wars and win To prepare land forces for war; to fight our country’s wars and win

Other Things the US Army Does In lieu of war - Special Operations (DELTA Force, Rangers, etc) In training for war - Coordinate for joint amphibious ops with other services (minor) - Develop plans in conjunction with airborne ops from other services

Other Things the US Army Does In the aftermath of war In the aftermath of war –Provide air defense for friendly territories –Train/provide occupational forces, military government Operations-Other-Than-War (OOTW) Operations-Other-Than-War (OOTW) –Humanitarian relief –Assist civilian communities and conduct civic action programs CONUS based, relies on Navy and Air Force transport for forward projection CONUS based, relies on Navy and Air Force transport for forward projection

U.S. Army Organizational Components Department of the Army Organizations Department of the Army Organizations –Secretary of the Army –Staffs Office of the Chief of Staff Office of the Chief of Staff General Staff General Staff Special Staff Special Staff –Army Reserve –National Guard

U.S. Air Force Missions and Functions Missions: Missions: –Strategic aerospace offense –Strategic aerospace defense –Counter air –Air interdiction (AI) –Close-air support (CAS) –Special Operations –Airlift –Aerospace surveillance and reconnaissance –Aerospace maritime operations

Strategic aerospace offense Strategic aerospace offense –Neutralize or destroy enemy’s capabilities –Attack enemy’s key military, political and economic power base Strategic aerospace defense Strategic aerospace defense –Protect our nations war-sustaining capabilities by aerospace warning, control and interception –Provides warning and assessment of strategic attack to the National Command Authority U.S. Air Force Missions and Functions

Counter Air Counter Air –Offensive counter air (OCA) –Suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD) –Defensive counter air (DCA) Air Interdiction (AI) Air Interdiction (AI) –Delay/destroy enemy’s military potential Close-air support (CAS) Close-air support (CAS) –Support ground operations –Requires coordination with ground forces

U.S. Air Force Missions and Functions Special Operations Special Operations –Accomplish objectives in low visibility, covert or clandestine military operations Airlift Airlift –Transportation of men, equipment and supplies to sustain military forces –Combat missions Air drop Air drop Extraction Extraction Landing troops and supplies into combat Landing troops and supplies into combat –Combat support missions (logistical) –Two perspectives of airlift Strategic: Inter-theater Strategic: Inter-theater Tactical: Intra-theater Tactical: Intra-theater

U.S. Air Force Missions and Functions Aerospace surveillance and reconnaissance Aerospace surveillance and reconnaissance –Collect information from airborne, orbital, and surface-based sensors –Surveillance operations continual collects from air, surface and subsurface sources continual collects from air, surface and subsurface sources –Reconnaissance operations Directed toward localized or specific targets Directed toward localized or specific targets Aerospace maritime operations Aerospace maritime operations –Neutralize or destroy enemy naval forces and to protect friendly naval forces and shipping

U.S. Coast Guard Missions and Functions Headed by Commandant, Admiral Paul F. Zukunft Headed by Commandant, Admiral Paul F. Zukunft –Top service official, responsible for all world-wide Coast Guard activities, and oversees 42,000 active duty military and 8,000 civilian full-time employees; 8,000 reserve military part-time employees; and 30,000 civilian auxiliary volunteers. Dual role Dual role 1.During Peacetime (Post 9/11)? -- Department of Homeland Security (2003) -- Department of Homeland Security (2003) -- Reports to DHS -- Reports to DHS 2. During Wartime/ Presidential Order -- Works under SECDEF/SECNAV -- Works under SECDEF/SECNAV

Doing Their Job EVERY Day

Everything Else the USCG Does –Enforce maritime laws and treaties –Search and rescue (SAR) –Boating safety for inland lakes and waterways –Maritime Mobility (commerce) –Installation, maintenance and operations of navigational aids –Ice-breaking operations –Scientific research –Environmental cleanup –Military reconnaissance (wartime) –Safeguard ports and harbors –Investigate maritime disaster

U.S. Merchant Marine Importance/Mission: Importance/Mission: –Transports materials needed to support national economies of the U.S. and allies –Augment overseas lifting capabilities for the Air Force, Navy and Marine Corps

U.S. Merchant Marine Organization Organization –The Maritime Administration (MARAD) –In time of war, MARAD is modified to staff the National Shipping Authority –In time of war, ships needed by DOD for sealift are obtained –Ships not under direct jurisdiction of DOD are still subject to naval control of shipping –U.S. Merchant Marine Academy, administered by MARAD

Summary DOD: DOD: –organization, mission –relationship of armed forces Commands Commands U.S. Army U.S. Army U.S. Air Force U.S. Air Force U.S. Coast Guard U.S. Coast Guard Merchant Marines Merchant Marines

Review Who is the CINC US ARMED FORCES? CJCS? VCJCS? SECDEF? Who is the CINC US ARMED FORCES? CJCS? VCJCS? SECDEF? NSA of 1947 made JCS a permanent agency NSA of 1947 made JCS a permanent agency What is the role of the CJCS? JCS? What is the role of the CJCS? JCS? Who mans/equips/trains? Who are the joint commanders that fight wars? Who mans/equips/trains? Who are the joint commanders that fight wars? Name the unified commands, their areas of responsibility by geography or function. Name the unified commands, their areas of responsibility by geography or function.

Review Cont’d CNO? Commandant? MCPON? SGTMAJ USMC? CNO? Commandant? MCPON? SGTMAJ USMC? Chief of Naval Reserve? Chief of Naval Reserve? SECNAV? SECNAV? Missions/core capabilities of USN? Missions/core capabilities of USN? Missions/core capabilities of USMC? Missions/core capabilities of USMC?

Don’t Worry…Study!!!