Problem of being in Philosophy of the New Age Department of Philosophy and Psychology Lecturer: PhD, docent Elena Shevchenko r: PhD, docent Elena For all specialities

Lecture’s plan Problem of being in the Philosophy of the New Age 2 Features of Modern Age  Industrial revolution and bourgeois revolution  Problems in the methodology of knowledge  The development of science  Mechanism as a feature of ontology Empiricism and Rationalism  The philosophy of Francis Bacon  The philosophy of Rene Descartes  The concept of substance

Requirements for knowledge and skills 3 Knowledge  Philosophy of New Age and features of its ontology and epistemology  Conceptual distinction of philosophical thought of the Middle Ages and Modern Times.  Tendencies of modern philosophy development  Authors and terminology of the modern philosophy Skills  Be able to identify the similarities and differences between the philosophical concepts of the Middle Ages and Modern Times  Be able to orient in variety of opinions and beliefs

Material for knowledge recovery 4 To prepare for the theme of “The problem of being in the modern philosophy” you must repeat the basic issues of human subjects : ■ Philosophy and its role in the human life and society ■ Origin of philosophical thought ■ Problem of being in early ancient philosophy ■ Classical period of ancient philosophy ■ Middle ages philosophy

Contents Problem of being in modern philosophy 5 1.Main concepts 2.Academic material 3.Questions for self-examination 4.Recommended books

Main concepts Problem of being in modern philosophy 6  Anthropocentrism  Heliocentric  Humanism  Deduction  Deism  Induction  Cartesians  Modus  Monad  Rationalism  Substance  Empiric

Main concepts Features of modern philosophy 7 The center and the starting point of modern philosophy is reflective subject. It is the destruction of the medieval system of spiritual values. The Industrial revolution begins in the 17 th century. It is the transition from manual to machine handicrafts. It is the development of mathematics and mechanics. Bourgeois revolutions of centuries. Main purpose of philosophy is justification ways of achieving knowledge. It is a problem of methodology of knowledge.

Academic material Development of science 8 Science takes on modern lines (features) Principles, discovered by natural sciences are transferred to the social research Independent social science disciplines are economics, sociology, political science.

Academic material Mechanism as a feature of ontology 9 Reductionism (mechanism) is an absolutization principles of mechanics. Deism is the recognition of God as the root cause of the nature’s development. God is an impersonal cause of the world (Galileo, Kepler, Newton). Mechanics in 17 th century considered a universal science. All natural and social processes were reduced to mechanical forms of movement.

Rationalism. – Main sources of knowledge are the reason, logical reasoning, theoretical generalizations. Rationalism focuses on mathematics. Rene Descartes is the founder of rationalism. Empiricism. The main source of reliable scientific knowledge is experience. Empiricism is focused on the natural sciences. Bacon is the main representative of empiricism главным источником достоверного научного знания опыт. Ориентация на естественные науки. Главный представитель Ф.Бэкон. е науки. Главный представитель Ф.Бэкон. Academic material The dispute between empiricism and rationalism 10

Academic material He problem of being in modern philosophy 11 The concept of substance (“Substantia” is the essense). This is the central concept of Cartesian metaphysics. It is an objective reality. There are two kinds of substances. It is spiritual and material kinds of substances. Spiritual reality has immanent in ideas, that were not acquired in experience. This is the idea of God, numbers, shapes. Material substance was identified with nature. Thought and extension are attributes of two substances.

Рисунок Bacon wrote a treatise “The new Organon” Bacon’s motto is: «Knowledge is force». Knowledge encourages people to action. Practical importance of knowledge. The purpose of scientific knowledge is good to the human race. Philosophy should be possible to be associated with the results of practical human activity. The methods of empirical knowledge are the analysis, observation, experiment. The basic method of science is induction. The human mind must be freed from the “idols” (preconceived ideas). Academic material Francis Bacon 12

Рисунок Descartes's books are “Discourse of Method” and “Principles of Philosophy”. Descartes believed that the feelings are distorting reality The main method of knowledge is deduction. It is the reliance on reliable axiom. Only argument, the idea may be true («I think, therefore I exist».) Doubt is a search of reliable knowledge. “Universal mathematics” is a single scientific method. The world is a machine as a set of aggregates. Academic material Rene Descartes 13

Acquired knowledge 14  Knowledge of modern time  Knowledge about the conceptual differences of philosophical thought of Middle Ages and Modern Times.  Knowledge about modern philosophical tendencies.  Knowledge about authors and modern philosophical terminology.

Questions for self-examination 15  Why XVII called the “century of genius”?  What are the characteristics of modern ontology?  What are the representatives of the empirical and rationalistic methods of knowledge? What is the essence of these methods?  Describe the essence of Bacon’s theory “of idols”.  What is the dualism of Descartes method?  Define the methods of deduction and induction.

Recommended books Introduction in Philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – М., Philosophy: Textbook for higher education/ edited by V.N. Lavrinenko, V.P. Ratnikov. – М., Philosophical dictionary / Edited by I.Т. Frolov. – М., Human being. The thinkers of the past and present about his life, death and eternity. Antiquity – Age of Enlightenment. M, Ilyin V. History of philosophy: Textbook for higher education. – St. Petersburg, 2003.

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