English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√

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English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] / f nAl dZi / √√

English 306A; Harris /water/ [water][steam][ice]

English 306A; Harris /water/ [water][steam][ice] Prototype

English 306A; Harris /t/ [t] [t˘][/] [tH] /t/ & [t] phones, phonemes, allophones

English 306A; Harris Phonemic - phonetic [pH√k|] /p√k/

English 306A; Harris /t//t/ [t] [t˘][t|] [tH] Phone, phoneme, allophone [/] [R] =

English 306A; Harris Phone, phoneme, allophone Phone: a speech sound [tH] /t//t/ Phoneme: set of related speech sounds Allophone: a member of a set of related speech sounds (i.e., an allophone is a member of a phoneme)

English 306A; Harris Phone, phoneme, allophone Phoneme Represented by one of the allophones (the least predictable, most basic one), but not pronounceable A critical diagnostic: the minimal pair pill till kill bill dill gill fill sill shill hill chill Jill will mill rill Lil nil

English 306A; Harris English Phone, phoneme, allophone Allophone [tH] is not “an allophone”, it is “an allophone of /t/ (in English)” [tH] /t//t/

English 306A; Harris Phone, phoneme, allophone Allophone A phone can be an allophone of more than one phoneme (in a given language). [R] /t//t//d//d/ English

English 306A; Harris Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear [R], [d], [D] Spanish English

English 306A; Harris Phoneme*: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear [R], [d], [D] * Phonemic distinctions

English 306A; Harris Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone*: hard to hear * Allophones of the same phoneme [R], [d], [D]

English 306A; Harris Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear EnglishSpanish soda [soR´] toro [toRo] dough [do] donde [dAnde] though [Do] todos [toDos]

English 306A; Harris Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear EnglishSpanish easyhardeasyhard [d] vs [D][d] vs [R] [d] vs [D] [R] vs [D][D] vs [R]

English 306A; Harris EnglishSpanish Phoneme: easy to hear Allophone: hard to hear /D//D/ [D][R][d] /d//d/ [D][d] /d//d/ [R][r] /r//r/

English 306A; Harris Phone, phoneme, allophone Allophone A critical diagnostic: complementary distribution Phonetic similarity + mutually exclusive neighborhoods [pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|]

English 306A; Harris Phonological processes Allophonic patterns The same alternations with classes of related sounds Phonological rules Expressions in a formal notation for describing (‘predicting’) such alterations [pHIl] [tHIl] [kHIl X  Y ⁄ W Z

English 306A; Harris Phonological processes Allophonic patterns The same alternations with classes of related sounds [tHIl] [stIl] [lIt|] [pHIl] [spIl] [lIp|] [kHIl] [skIl] [lIk|]

English 306A; Harris Phonological processes Phones Voiceless stops [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k]

English 306A; Harris Phonological processes Phones Voiceless stops Phonemes Voiceless stops [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] /p/ /t/ /k/

English 306A; Harris Phonological processes Allophones Phonemes Voiceless stops [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] /p/ /t/ /k/ and phones and voiceless stops

English 306A; Harris Phonological processes Phonological rules X  Y ⁄ W Z Express allophonic regularities Have the form:

English 306A; Harris [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] /p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English +stop -voice +syllabic +stress  +aspirated / 

English 306A; Harris [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] /p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English +stop -voice  -release ⁄ #

English 306A; Harris ???  ???? ⁄ ??? ??? [pH] [tH] [kH] [p|] [t|] [k|] [p] [t] [k] /p/ /t/ /k/ Allophonic distribution of voiceless stops in English NO rule

English 306A; Harris Phonological processes Some English rules Voiceless stops are aspirated at the beginnings of stressed syllables Stops (voiced and voiceless) are unreleased at the ends of words [+stop]  [-released] ⁄ # -voice +stop  [+aspirated] /  +syllabic +stress This rule applies to ALL English stops, not just the voiceless one

English 306A; Harris Vowel nasalization: English [bQt|] (bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n](gon) [bEt|] (bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m](rim) Complementary distribution

English 306A; Harris Vowel nasalization: English What’s the rule? [bQt|] (bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n](gon) [bEt|] (bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m](rim)

English 306A; Harris Vowel nasalization: English What’s the rule? [bQt|] (bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n](gone) [bEt|] (bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m](rim) [+syllabic]

English 306A; Harris Vowel nasalization: English What’s the rule? [bQt|] (bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n](gone) [bEt|] (bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m](rim)  [+nasal]

English 306A; Harris Vowel nasalization: English What’s the rule? [bQt|] (bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n](gone) [bEt|] (bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m](rim) ⁄ [+nasal]

English 306A; Harris Vowel nasalization: English What’s the rule? [bQt|] (bat)[bQ‚n](ban) [gAt|] (got) [gA‚n](gone) [bEt|] (bet)[bE‚n] (Ben) [lAk|](lock)[lA‚N](long) [rIp|](rip)[rI‚m](rim) [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal]

English 306A; Harris Vowel length: English [bQt|] (bat)[bQ˘d|](bad) [gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|](god, God) [bEt|] (bet)[bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|](muck)[m√˘g|](mug) [lAk|](lock)[lA˘g|](log) [rIp|](rip)[rI˘b|](rib) Complementary distribution

English 306A; Harris Vowel length: English What’s the rule? [bQt|] (bat)[bQ˘d|](bad) [gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|](god, God) [bEt|] (bet)[bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|](muck)[m√˘g|](mug) [lAk|](lock)[lA˘g|](log) [rIp|](rip)[rI˘b|](rib)

English 306A; Harris Vowel length: English What’s the rule? [+syllabic]  [+long] ⁄ [+voice] [bQt|] (bat)[bQ˘d|](bad) [gAt|] (got) [gA˘d|](god, God) [bEt|] (bet)[bE˘d|] (bed) [m√k|](muck)[m√˘g|](mug) [lAk|](lock)[lA˘g|](log) [rIp|](rip)[rI˘b|](rib)

English 306A; Harris [Q], [Q˘], [Q‚] [A], [A˘], [A‚] [E], [E˘], [E‚] [√], [√], [√] [I], [I˘], [I‚] etc. English vowel allophones ˘ ˜

English 306A; Harris [Q], [Q˘], [Q‚] [A], [A˘], [A‚] [E], [E˘], [E‚] [√], [√], [√] [I], [I˘], [I‚] etc. /V/[V:] / [+voice] [V] / [+nasal] [V] / elsewhere ˜ English vowel allophones ˘ ˜ ˜ i.e., V, V:, V

English 306A; Harris /V/[V:] / [+voice] [V] / [+nasal] [V] / elsewhere ˜ English vowel allophones [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal] [+syllabic]  [+long] ⁄ [+voice]

English 306A; Harris Nasalization: Scots Gaelic [mo)˘r] (big)[mu)](about) [ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud) [fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF] (wet) Complementary distribution

English 306A; Harris [bQ‚˘n](ban) [mu)](about) [gA‚˘n](gone) [ne)˘l] (cloud) Nasalization EnglishScots Gaelic Regressive Progressive A S S I M I L A T I O N

English 306A; Harris Nasalization: Scots Gaelic [+syllabic]  [+nasal] ⁄ [+nasal] What’s the rrrrrrrule? [mo)˘r] (big)[mu)](about) [ni)] (cattle) [ne)˘l] (cloud) [fuar ] (cold) [¬iuF] (wet)

English 306A; Harris Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) [TIs] (to topple)[TI˘s](a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l](moon) [/er] (near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part)

English 306A; Harris Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) Minimal pairs [TIs] (to topple)[TI˘s](a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l](moon) [/er] (near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part)

English 306A; Harris Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) i.e., V, V: /V/, /V:/ [TIs] (to topple)[TI˘s](a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l](moon) [/er] (near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part)

English 306A; Harris Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) i.e., V, V: /V/, /V:/ What’s the rule? [TIs] (to topple)[TI˘s](a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l](moon) [/er] (near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part)

English 306A; Harris Vowel length: Yap (Western Pacific) None! There is no allophonic variation in the data. What’s the rule? [TIs] (to topple)[TI˘s](a post) [pul] (to gather) [pu˘l](moon) [/er] (near you)[/e˘r] (lagoon part)

English 306A; Harris Aspiration: Khmer [pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also) [tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated) [kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)

English 306A; Harris Aspiration: Khmer Minimal pairs [pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also) [tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated) [kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)

English 306A; Harris Aspiration: Khmer Minimal pairs /p/, /pH/ /t/, /tH/ /k/, /kH/ [pç˘N] (to wish) [pHç˘N] (also) [tçp] (to support) [tHçp] (be suffocated) [kat] (to cut) [kHat] (to polish)

English 306A; Harris (Phones), Allophones, Phonemes Minimal pairs Complementary distribution Phonological processes/rules / f nAl dZi / √√

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