Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4

OPTIONAL ASSIGNMENT What are the tropics? - define and explain this term, especially as it applies to the factors that affect the growth of plants, including economically important ones. Due today - return as hard copy or by

QUIZ 1.Name a fruit that is from a member of the rose family, Rosaceae. 2.A hesperidium is a type of berry – how is it different from other berries? Give an example of a hesperidium.

Orangerie

Kumquat – Fortunella japonica and F. margarita

Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives Many genera used for food; some also for various implements Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind (  enhances storage)

Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives Many genera used for food; some also for various implements Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind (  enhances storage) Plants = vines, with tendrils

Cucurbitaceae – Squashes and their Relatives Many genera used for food; some also for various implements Fruit = pepo --- a berry with a hard rind (  enhances storage) Plants = vines, with tendrils Flowers – often unisexual, with 5 sepals, 5 united petals

Cucurbita Flowers See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

Cucurbita Flowers Pistillate (“female”) Flower See Fig. 4.5, p. 83 (note enlarged ovary at base)

Cucurbita Flowers Pistillate (“female”) Flower Staminate (“male”) Flower See Fig. 4.5, p. 83 (note slender stalk)

Cucurbita Flowers Pistillate (“female”) Flower Staminate (“male”) Flower See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

Cucurbita Flowers Pistillate (“female”) Flower Staminate (“male”) Flower See Fig. 4.5, p. 83

Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84

Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin See Table 4.3, p. 84

Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin See Table 4.3, p. 84

Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84

Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84 First uses – probably for seeds; later used for fleshy part of fruit

Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84 All New World Species

Cultivated Cucurbita Species - Squashes C. pepo – summer squash, zucchini, etc. C. moschata – winter squash, butternut squash, pumpkin C. maxima – winter squash, pumpkin C. argyrosperma – winter squash, hubbard squash etc. See Table 4.3, p. 84 All New World Species - separate domestications – eastern North America, Mexico, of C. pepo

Other Cultivated Cucurbits Old World: - Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus - Melons – Cucumis melo - Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus Luffa – Luffa cylindrica

Other Cultivated Cucurbits Old World: - Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus - Melons – Cucumis melo - Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus Luffa – Luffa cylindrica New World: - Chayote – Sechium edule

Other Cultivated Cucurbits Old World: - Watermelon – Citrullus lanatus - Melons – Cucumis melo - Cucumbers – Cucumis sativus Luffa – Luffa cylindrica New World: - Chayote – Sechium edule Global: - Bottle Gourd – Lagenaria siceraria

Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Archaeological Record: cultivated in Ecuador/Peru (7,000 years ago) and Egypt (3000 years ago) Resolution: - people in reed boats? Fishermen? - gourds floating in oceanic currents?

Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS : Resolution: (1) Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa

Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS : Resolution: (1)Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa (2)Accurate identification of New World archeological samples - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths

Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS : Resolution: (1)Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa (2)Accurate identification of New World archeological samples - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths (3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology - Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP)

Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS : Resolution: (1)Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa (2)Accurate identification of New World archeological samples - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths (3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology - Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP) (4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa

Bottle Gourds – evidence of pre- Columbian contact? Erickson et al. PNAS : Resolution: (1)Discovery of truly wild bottle gourd in Africa (2)Accurate identification of New World archeological samples - fruit wall thickness, cellular structure, phytoliths (3) Accurate dating of material using direct AMS C14 technology - Florida (8100 yrs); Peru (8400 yrs); Mexico (10,000 yrs BP) (4) DNA markers -> New World matches Asia, not Africa Conclusion: dog + gourds moved with early people from Asia

Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop

Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple)

Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) - possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple)

Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) - possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple) - France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple

Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) - possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple) - France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple Early confusion in Europe/North America: - aphrodisiac (love apple) - poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae)

Adventures in Etymology – Love Apples Tomato – New World crop (Matthiolus herbal: pomo d’oro = golden apple) - possible transit: New World  Spain (ignored)  Morocco  Italy (pomo dei moro = Moor’s apple) - France, name transformed to pomme d’amour = love apple Early confusion in Europe/North America: - aphrodisiac (love apple) - poisonous (association with related plants of Solanaceae) Note: German name “wolf peach” (association with werewolves) became basis for genus name Lycopersicon

Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands

Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Find Peru and the Galapagos Islands on the globe

Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl  Spanish tomate  tomato

Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl  Spanish tomate  tomato Classification: Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon

Tomato Wild ancestors of tomato – Peru and Galapagos Islands Domestication – seems to have occurred in Mexico: Mayan name, xtomatl or tomatl  Spanish tomate  tomato Classification: Traditional – distinct genus, Lycopersicon New Molecular-based Findings – part of Solanum (actually sister group to potatoes)

Tomato – Flower and Fruit Notes: Stamens open by terminal pores  require shaking to release pollen See Fig. 4.11, p. 90

Tomato – Flower and Fruit Notes: Stamens open by terminal pores  require shaking to release pollen Plants are quite sensitive to chemicals produced by walnuts (allelopathy) See Fig. 4.11, p. 90

Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Fruit type = ?

Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Fruit type = berry

Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Intruded placentae

Tomatoes – Modification under Domestication Cherry-tomato type – 2 carpels in ovary Intruded placentae Colorful tomatoes

Pineapples – The Multiple Fruit Ananas comosus - Bromeliaceae See Fig. 4.16, p. 93

What is a Cereal?

Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed  forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons

What is a Cereal? Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed  forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses See Fig. 5.1, p. 111

What is a Cereal? Ceres – Roman goddess of agriculture (in Greek, Demeter). Myth: mother of Persephone, who was kidnapped by Hades; Ceres went on strike to demand return of daughter; Persephone had eaten a pomegranate seed  forced to divide time – explanation for temperate seasons Grain = seeds/seedlike fruits of plants, particularly grasses Cereal = edible grains produced by annual grasses Cereal Grain – redundant? See Fig. 5.1, p. 111

Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family Agrostology – Study of Grasses

Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family Agrostology – Study of Grasses Gramineae – traditional name for family

Poaceae (Gramineae) – Grass Family Agrostology – Study of Grasses Gramineae – traditional name for family Ranks: 4th (number of species) 1 st (Number of individuals) 1 st – Economic Importance

Grass Plant – Overall Structure See Fig. 5.2, p. 112

Grass Infloresence Structure See Fig. 5.2, p. 112

Grass Infloresence Structure Flower See Fig. 5.2, p. 112

Grain – Fruit of the Grass Family See Fig. 5.4, p. 112

Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication 1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages

Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication 1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching 2.Reduced lodging See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages

Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication 1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching 2.Reduced lodging 3.Non-shattering See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages

Changes in Cereal Grasses through Domestication 1. Simultaneous tillering or elimination of branching 2.Reduced lodging 3.Non-shattering 4.Free-threshing See Fig. 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8, pages

Major Cereal Crops Barley – Hordeum vulgare Wheat – Triticum (T. aestivum, T. monococcum, T. durum) Rye – Secale cereale Oats – Avena sativa Rice – Oryza sativa Sorghum – Sorghum bicolor Millets – Eleusine coracana, Pennisetum glaucum, etc. Corn – Zea mays SeeTable. 5.2, p. 110

Thursday Lecture – Cereal Grains Reading: Textbook, Chapter 5