The Sentence Writing Strategy. Fundamentals of Sentence Writing The Sentence Writing Strategy Fundamentals of Sentence Writing Proficiency in Sentence Writing Lynbrook Michele Goodstein Certified SIM Professional Developer mg517@optonline.net

Sentences and Punctuation A woman, without her man, is nothing. A woman: without her, man is nothing.

Agenda Overview of the day Introduction to the Sentence Writing Strategy Understanding the STRATEGY Teaching Fundamentals in Sentence Writing Teaching Proficiency in Sentence Writing Scoring Expectations

The Sentence Writing Strategy is about a researched and validated writing strategy that teaches students how to write complete and complicated sentences. By understanding By having teachers know how to Score it Background Knowledge By having teachers first By having teachers understand how to Learn it Teach it

Learning Strategies Curriculum Scientifically-validated Strategies Acquisition Word Identification Word Mapping Paraphrasing Self-Questioning Visual Imagery Summarizing Inferencing Storage First-Letter Mnemonic Paired Associates LINCS Vocabulary Expression of Competence Sentence Writing Paragraph Writing Error Monitoring Theme Writing Assignment Completion Test-Taking

Four Types of Sentences Simple Compound Complex Compound-complex We will be learning formulas for each type.

Purpose of the Sentence Writing Strategy To teach students basic vocabulary associated with sentence writing. To enable students to write a variety of sentences with fluency. To give students the prerequisite skills for more advanced writing strategies.

Why teach The Sentence Writing Strategy Students must express themselves and demonstrate their knowledge in writing: in book reports in themes/research papers in answers to chapter questions in answers on tests

New York State Learning Standards “The student will write simple/compound/complex sentences, using, correct subject-verb agreement, verb tense, punctuation, and pronouns with clear antecedents.” English Language Arts Core Curriculum – Grade 5/6 May 2005

Sentences

SENTENCE FLUENCY Incomplete Choppy Run-on emerging strong Incomplete Choppy Run-on Phrasing doesn’t sound natural Many sentences begin the same way Variety of sentence types and lengths Purposeful beginnings Makes meaning clear Inviting to the reader

Sentence Writing Results Percentage Complete Sentences Pretest 70% 18% Regular classroom products after Generalization Stage 98% 58% Complicated

Strategy What is it?

An individual’s approach to a task is called a Strategy It includes how a person thinks and acts when planning, executing and evaluating performance on a task and its outcomes

Steps of the Strategy Require students to: Use formulas to form the sentences they write Decide on the appropriate wording of a sentence before they write it Write the sentence using appropriate capitalization at the beginning and punctuation throughout and at the end Check their work

Paragraph #1 We enjoyed many different activities on our vacation to Hawaii last year they were a lot of fun. On the first day we went to a beautiful little beach. Surfed on the high waves and had a picnic on a blanket. The next day we spent a day shopping. We bought tee shirts and sandals and a pair of sunglasses. Finally, we went snorkeling at a reef. We saw all kinds of different colored fish. In sum, my vacation to Hawaii was just super. Total Sentences Attempts: 8 Complete Sentences: 6 (75%) Complicated Sentences: 0

Paragraph #2 We enjoyed many different activities on our vacation to Hawaii last year, and they were all lots of fun. On the first day we went to a beautiful little beach where the sand was pink and covered with shells. There we surfed on the high waves, and we had a picnic on a blanket. Because it rained the next day, we spent the day shopping for souvenirs. We bought tee shirts and sandals, but our best find was a pair of musical sunglasses. Finally, we went snorkeling at a reef. We saw all kinds of different fish; they were all colors of the rainbow! In sum, my vacation to Hawaii was just super.

Paragraph #2 We enjoyed many different activities on our vacation to Hawaii last year, and they were all lots of fun. On the first day we went to a beautiful little beach where the sand was pink and covered with shells. There we surfed on the high waves, and we had a picnic on a blanket. Because it rained the next day, we spent the day shopping for souvenirs. We bought tee shirts and sandals, but our best find was a pair of musical sunglasses. Finally, we went snorkeling at a reef. We saw all kinds of different fish; they were all colors of the rainbow! In sum, my vacation to Hawaii was just super. Total Sentences Attempts: 8 Complete Sentences: 8 (100%) Complicated Sentences: 6 (75%)

The Sentence Writing Strategy is about a researched and validated writing strategy that teaches students how to write complete and complicated sentences. By understanding By having teachers know how to Score it Background Knowledge By having teachers first By having teachers understand how to Learn it Teach it

Learning The Sentence Writing Strategy

Step 2: Explore words to fit the The PENS Strategy Step 1: Pick a formula Step 2: Explore words to fit the formula Step 3: Note the words Step 4: Search and check

Strategic Learner What part of the strategy is the planning part? execution part? evaluation part? TTYN and discuss

Step 2: Explore words to fit the The PENS Strategy Step 1: Pick a formula Step 2: Explore words to fit the formula Step 3: Note the words Step 4: Search and check plan execute evaluate

Step 2: Explore words to fit the The PENS Strategy Step 1: Pick a formula Step 2: Explore words to fit the formula Step 3: Note the words Step 4: Search and check

What are these formulas or patterns that create different type of sentences?

Type #1: Simple Sentence A sentence that has one independent clause Independent Clause A group of words that makes a complete statement has a subject and a verb

Simple Sentence Formulas SV – The boy ran. SSV – The boy and his sister ran. SVV – The boy ran and jumped. SSVV – The boy and his sister ran and jumped.

Enhancing an SSVV… SSVV – The mischievous little boy and his six-year-old sister ran across the street and jumped into a giant pile of leaves. SSVV – Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony were passionate about women’s rights and fought for women’s right to vote.

Let’s see how we can use PENS to write a simple sentence The Challenge

Now it’s your turn to write Simple sentences

2. Paris 4. African Safari 1. Hawaii 3. Cruise 5. Camping

Simple Sentence Formulas SV The bear knocked over the tent. SSV John and Lisa went to a luau. SVV Paul saw a lion and ran back to the jeep. SSVV Michael and his daughter climbed the Eiffel Tower and took photos from the top.

What was your favorite part of the trip? Write an SV to answer. Then turn your SV into an SSV, SVV, and an SSVV. Example: We went scuba diving. (SV) - My wife and I went scuba diving. (SSV) - I went scuba diving and saw a shark. (SVV) - My wife and I went scuba diving and saw a shark. (SSVV)

Putting it all together Please turn to the worksheet titled Writing Sentences Write 4 simple sentences

Step 2: Explore words to fit the The PENS Strategy Step 1: Pick a formula Step 2: Explore words to fit the formula Step 3: Note the words Step 4: Search and check SV SSV SVV SSVV

Type #2: Compound Sentence A compound sentence has two or more independent clauses. Examples: The students finished class, and they went to lunch. Kevin did not want to hurt Kathy's feelings, so he said nothing about her mistake. I want to see my sister soon, for she has been in Switzerland for two years. Relate to compound sentence

Coordinating Conjunction A word that is used with a comma to join two independent clauses. , for , but , and , or , nor , yet , so Look at meaning of each…which ones do kids use most…may have speech teacher work on meanings

The FAN BOYS Cheer FAN BOYS, FAN BOYS Seven in a row For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So Compound words to know For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So.

Semicolons Semicolons (;) can also be used to join the two independent clauses of a compound sentence. Susan loves to swim; her brother likes to dive. Jason was highly respected; he was always such a responsible person. The meeting was over; it was already midnight. Do not turn off or unplug your computer; it will turn off automatically.

Comparing Compound Sentences to Simple Sentences with Compound Subjects and Compound Verbs Simple Sentence: The men and women met at the station and went to dinner. SSVV Compound Sentence: The men met at the station, and the women went to dinner. SVSV

Comparing Compound Sentences to Simple Sentences with Compound Subjects and Compound Verbs The ducks and geese squawked and fluttered their wings. Compound Sentence: The ducks squawked, and the geese fluttered their wings.

Let’s see how we can use PENS to write a compound sentence The Challenge

Now it’s your turn to write Compound sentences

Compound Sentence Formulas I,cI The bear knocked over the tent, but there was no damage to it at all. John and Lisa went to a luau, and the rest of us went for a long walk on the beach. I;I Paul saw a lion; he ran back to the jeep screaming! Michael and his daughter climbed the Eiffel Tower; they took photos from the top.

What was your most embarrassing moment What was your most embarrassing moment? Write a compound sentence using the formula I,cI. Then write it again using the formula I;I. Example: I leaned over the railing of the Eiffel Tower, and my ice-cream cone fell right over. I leaned over the railing of the Eiffel Tower; my ice-cream cone fell right over.

Putting it all together Please return to the worksheet titled Writing Sentences Write 2 compound sentences using the I,cI and I;I formulas.

Step 2: Explore words to fit the The PENS Strategy Step 1: Pick a formula Step 2: Explore words to fit the formula Step 3: Note the words Step 4: Search and check I,cI I;I

Type #3: Complex Sentence A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Dependent Clause A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and verb that cannot stand alone. I like Sally because she is funny. Kathy will be late for dinner since the meeting is still in progress. The game will end when one team scores. Dependent clause “tells more about”

Subordinating Conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions are words that show the relationship of the dependent clause to the independent clause.

Subordinating Conjunctions Some words that can be used as subordinating conjunctions are: after even if since although even though so that as if than as if in order that though as long as just as unless as soon as like until as though once when because provided whenever before rather than while

What comes first? I or D

Sequencing Complex Sentences Independent Clause First (comma not needed) You will be sleeping when I get to Phoenix. The players went out for a pizza after they practiced. We will not know about the damage until the storm is over.

Sequencing Complex Sentences Dependent Clause First (comma needed) When I get to Phoenix, you will be sleeping. After the players practiced, they went out for a pizza. Until the storm is over, we will not know about the damage.

Let’s see how we can use PENS to write a complex sentence The Challenge

Now it’s your turn to write Complex sentences

Complex Sentence Formulas ID The bear knocked over the tent while we were off on a long hike. John and Lisa decided to go to the luau since they couldn’t get tickets to the sunset cruise. D,I While we were sleeping, the bear knocked over the tent. Since they couldn’t get tickets to the sunset cruise, John and Lisa went to the luau.

What two pieces of advice would you give to someone who was going to take this same trip? Answer by writing a complex sentence using the formula ID and another complex sentence using the formula D,I. Examples: S’mores are great for camping although seventeen might be a few too many. (ID) If you see a skunk, you should NOT try to get close enough to take a picture. (D,I).

Putting it all together Please return to the worksheet titled Writing Sentences Write 2 complex sentences using the ID and D,I formulas.

Step 2: Explore words to fit the The PENS Strategy Step 1: Pick a formula Step 2: Explore words to fit the formula Step 3: Note the words Step 4: Search and check ID D,I

___ Although Lisa was tired, she cooked dinner for Jesse. Answer: ___ Lisa and Jesse cooked dinner and sat down to watch TV. Answer: ____ Lisa cooked dinner, but Jesse sat down V and watched TV. Answer ___ Although Lisa was tired, she cooked dinner for Jesse. Answer: S S V V SSVV S V S V I,cI S S V V D,I

Type #4:Compound-Complex Sentence A compound-complex sentence has two or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. Examples: When you are ready, I will call the store, and we can talk to Reed. Before the trick-or-treaters came, Jill made candied apples; they were delicious.

Sequencing Compound- Complex Sentences Dependent Clause First After the party was over, Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house. When Jennifer feels sad, she calls Chris; he cheers her up.

Sequencing Compound- Complex Sentences Dependent Clause Second Jean had a headache after the party was over, so Paul cleaned up the house. Chad hates to sleep while his parents are awake, for he might miss something. Jennifer calls Chris whenever she feels sad; he cheers her up. The sky was gray when the volcano erupted; ash was falling everywhere.

Sequencing Compound- Complex Sentences Dependent Clause Third Jean had a headache, so Paul cleaned up the house after the party was over. The employer made Jill a good offer, and she accepted as long as he gave her a travel allowance. The doctors were busy with the serious cases; the slightly wounded soldier quietly waited while they worked. Todd gave an excellent report; his instructor thanked him after the rest of the class had left the room.

The Challenge

Let’s Review Please turn to the worksheet titled Four Types of Sentences. These are your guided note sheets. Please work with a partner to complete these notes.

Putting it all together Please turn to the worksheet titled Sentence Identification Activity Identify the 1) type of sentence 2) the formula used

The Sentence Writing Strategy is about a researched and validated writing strategy that teaches students how to write complete and complicated sentences. By understanding By having teachers know how to Score it Background Knowledge By having teachers first By having teachers understand how to Learn it Teach it

Teaching The Sentence Writing Strategy

Skills taught in the Fundamentals Program Capital letter Prepositional phrase End punctuation Adjective Subject Main subject Action verb Complete subject Linking verb Helping verb Simple sentence Adverb Infinitive Help students identify if they have written a complete sentence

Fundamentals in Sentence Writing Strategy

Fundamentals in the Sentence Writing Strategy The five requirements of a complete sentence A strategy for writing & checking sentences ("PENS") A sub-strategy for checking sentence completeness ("MARK") Four types of simple sentences

The Five Requirements of a Sentence 1.Start with a capital letter 2.Have end punctuation (. ? !) 3.Have a subject (S) 4.Have a verb (V) 5.Make sense S V . ? !

Fundamentals in the Sentence Writing Strategy The five requirements of a complete sentence A strategy for writing & checking sentences ("PENS") A sub-strategy for checking sentence completeness ("MARK") Four types of simple sentences

Steps for Sentence Writing Fundamentals Steps for Sentence Writing Step 1: Pick a formula Step 2: Explore words to fit the formula Step 3: Note the words Step 4: Search and check Search and Check Step Mark out the imposters. Ask “Is there a verb?” Root out the subject. (Ask, “Who or what ___________?”) Key in on the Beginning Ending Meaning

The Subject of a Sentence The subject is the person, place, thing, quality, or idea that the sentence is about. John went for a walk. (Person) Towns are quiet after snowfalls. (Place) Eggs rolled off the counter. (Things) Silence is golden. (Quality) Peace is at hand. (Idea)

Action Verb A verb is a word that shows the action of the subject of the sentence. Examples: Body Actions Mind Actions walk think run wonder write want

Quality feedback needs to be… Timely Positive Individual Corrective

The PENS Strategy Pick a formula Explore words to fit the formula Note the words Search and check

Search & Check Step M Ask ”Is there a verb?" Root out the subject (by asking, ”Who or What _____?") Key in on the beginning ending meaning

Linking Verbs Words that link the subject to another word that describes the subject. Am Was Are Were Is Seem Be Been Become

The Imposters Imposter # 1 is an Infinitive. Since it has a verb in it, it tries to trick you into thinking it is the verb of the sentence. Ex. Madonna loves to sing.

Watch out! “To” can also be a preposition! Infinitives to + a verb Watch out! “To” can also be a preposition! Examples: To run, to throw, to dance To think, to imagine, to remember To be, to feel, to seem

Search & Check Step Mark out imposters infinitives Ask “Is there a verb?” Root out the subject (“Who or What _____?”) Key in on the beginning ending meaning

The Imposters Imposter #2 is a prepositional phrase. Since it has a noun in it, it tries to trick you into thinking it is the subject of the sentence. Ex. He jumped over the fence.

Prepositions about down past above during across since after except against through along for throughout amid from to among toward around in at inside under into underneath before until behind like up below upon beneath near with beside of within off on without beyond over by out outside of

The plane flies ________ the cloud.

Search & Check Step Mark out imposters infinitives prepositional phrases Ask “Is there a verb?” Root out the subject (“Who or What _____?”) Key in on the beginning ending meaning

Lessons 6-8: Types of Simple Sentences SV "One person doing one thing" SSV "Two people doing one thing" SVV "One person doing two things' SSVV "Two people doing two things"

Lesson 9: Adjectives and Main Subjects Subject: the big old yellow house Main Subject: house

Helping Verbs am are is may might must can could do does did shall should was were has have had will would be been become being

Recall Device for Helping Verbs C H A D B. S W I M 2 3 2 3 3 2 4 1 3 Chad B. Swim is 23 years old

Scaffolded Instruction Small steps Success ensured Continuous review Complexity builds

Instructional Sequence for Each Lesson Review (verbal practice) Describe Learn by Model Watching Verbal practice Learn by Guided practice Sharing Controlled and Learn by Independent practice Practicing

. . .

Teaching Proficiency in Sentence Writing Strategy Compound Sentences

Compound Sentences Stage 2: Describe Teach the students the rationale for varying sentence structures, and the requirements and formulas for compound sentences. Stage 3: Model Show the students how the strategy is performed by performing it yourself while “thinking out loud.” Compound Sentence

Stage 4: Verbal Practice Be sure that all students can name all the information on the checklist. The Challenge

Stage 5 & 6: Controlled and Advanced Practice Use Worksheets 1A-D through 6A-D. The Challenge Graph progress on chart.

Group Activity Turn to the Describe Stage of Compound Sentences on page 57. (20-30 min. lesson) Read each of the numbered steps to see what the teaching sequence is. Look at Cue Cards #7-10 at the back of the book. Do Worksheets 1A, 2A, 3A, (or half of each) that are in your Activities packet. Score them using the directions in the back of the Proficiency in Sentence Writing Student Lessons book. (Guidelines – p. 100-1) (Answers p.113-116)

The Challenge

The Challenge

Teaching Proficiency in Sentence Writing Strategy Complex Sentences

HAVE FUN! Generalization Celebrate Set goals Prompt Remind Require Reward HAVE FUN!

Scoring Directions: Instruction Manual p.137-144 Score Sheet: Instruction Manual p.174

The Challenge

The Challenge

The Challenge

The Challenge

The Challenge

What types of sentences do you write? Pre-test What types of sentences do you write? Write six sentences on one of the following topics. Try to vary the types of sentences you write.

Topic List Sentence Writing Strategy My favorite meal Summer activities The best things about school Life as a teenager The best place to live My favorite sport My favorite store The best job in the world My New Year's resolution

Check your writing How many complete? How many simple? How many compound? How many complex? How many are punctuated correctly?